The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 5447490666 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 5447490667 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 5447490668 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 5447490669 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 3 | |
| 5447490670 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 4 | |
| 5447490671 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 5447490672 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 5447490673 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 5447490674 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 5447490675 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 5447490676 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 5447490677 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 5447490678 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 5447490679 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 5447490681 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 14 | |
| 5447490682 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 15 | |
| 5447490684 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 16 | |
| 5447490685 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 17 | |
| 5447490686 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 18 | |
| 5447490687 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 19 | |
| 5447490690 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 20 | |
| 5447490691 | Chinggis (Genghis) Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 21 | |
| 5447490693 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 22 | |
| 5447490696 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 23 | |
| 5447490697 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 24 | |
| 5447490698 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 25 | |
| 5447490700 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 26 | |
| 5447490705 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 27 | |
| 5447490713 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 28 | |
| 5447490714 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 29 | |
| 5447490715 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 30 | |
| 5447490716 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 31 | |
| 5447490717 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 32 | |
| 5447490718 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 33 | |
| 5447490719 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 34 | |
| 5447490720 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 35 | |
| 5447490721 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 36 | |
| 5447490722 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 37 | |
| 5447490723 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 38 | |
| 5447490724 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 39 | |
| 5447490725 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 40 | |
| 5447490727 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 41 | |
| 5447490730 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 42 | |
| 5447490734 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 43 | |
| 5447490736 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 44 | |
| 5447490737 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 45 | |
| 5447490740 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 46 | |
| 5447490743 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 47 | |
| 5447490744 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 48 | |
| 5447490745 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 49 | |
| 5447490746 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 50 | |
| 5447490748 | Fujiwara | mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 51 | |
| 5447490750 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 52 | |
| 5447490754 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 53 | |
| 5447490755 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 54 | |
| 5447490762 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 55 | |
| 5447490763 | Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236 | 56 | |
| 5447490764 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 57 | |
| 5447490765 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 58 | |
| 5447490768 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 59 | |
| 5447490770 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 60 | |
| 5447490771 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 61 | |
| 5447490772 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 62 | |
| 5447490773 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 63 | |
| 5447490774 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 64 | |
| 5447490775 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 65 | |
| 5447490776 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 66 | |
| 5447490778 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 67 | |
| 5447490780 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 68 |
| 5447490781 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 69 | |
| 5447490782 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 70 | |
| 5447490783 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 71 |
| 5447490784 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 72 | |
| 5447490785 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 73 | |
| 5447490786 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 74 | |
| 5447490787 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 75 | |
| 5447490788 | Bantu Migrations |  | 76 | |
| 5447490789 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 77 |
| 5447490790 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 78 |
