The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 8307401283 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 8307401284 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 8307401285 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 8307401286 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 3 | |
| 8307401287 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 4 | |
| 8307401288 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 8307401289 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 8307401290 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 8307401291 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 8307401292 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 8307401293 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 8307401294 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 8307401295 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 8307401296 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 8307401297 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 14 | |
| 8307401298 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 15 | |
| 8307401299 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 16 | |
| 8307401300 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 17 | |
| 8307401301 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 18 | |
| 8307401302 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 19 | |
| 8307401303 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 20 | |
| 8307401304 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 21 | |
| 8307401305 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 22 | |
| 8307401306 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 23 | |
| 8307401307 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 24 | |
| 8307401308 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 25 | |
| 8307401309 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 26 | |
| 8307401310 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 27 | |
| 8307401311 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 28 | |
| 8307401312 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 29 | |
| 8307401313 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 30 | |
| 8307401314 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 31 | |
| 8307401315 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 32 | |
| 8307401316 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 33 | |
| 8307401317 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 34 | |
| 8307401318 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 35 | |
| 8307401319 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 36 | |
| 8307401320 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 37 | |
| 8307401321 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 38 | |
| 8307401322 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 39 | |
| 8307401323 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 40 | |
| 8307401324 | Rurik | legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855 | 41 | |
| 8307401325 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 42 | |
| 8307401326 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 43 | |
| 8307401327 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | 44 | |
| 8307401328 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 45 | |
| 8307401329 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 46 | |
| 8307401330 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 47 | |
| 8307401331 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 48 | |
| 8307401332 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 49 | |
| 8307401333 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 50 | |
| 8307401334 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 51 | |
| 8307401335 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 52 | |
| 8307401336 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 53 | |
| 8307401337 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 54 | |
| 8307401338 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 55 | |
| 8307401339 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 56 | |
| 8307401340 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 57 | |
| 8307401341 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 58 | |
| 8307401342 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 59 | |
| 8307401343 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 60 | |
| 8307401344 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 61 | |
| 8307401345 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 62 | |
| 8307401346 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 63 | |
| 8307401347 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 64 | |
| 8307401348 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 65 | |
| 8307401349 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 66 | |
| 8307401350 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 67 | |
| 8307401351 | Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236 | 68 | |
| 8307401352 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 69 | |
| 8307401353 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 70 | |
| 8307401354 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad | 71 | |
| 8307401355 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 72 | |
| 8307401356 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 73 | |
| 8307401357 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 74 | |
| 8307401358 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 75 | |
| 8307401359 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 76 | |
| 8307401360 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 77 | |
| 8307401361 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 78 | |
| 8307401362 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 79 | |
| 8307401363 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 80 | |
| 8307401364 | Diasporic communities | merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas | 81 | |
| 8307401365 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 82 |
| 8307401366 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 83 | |
| 8307401367 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 84 |
| 8307401368 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 85 | |
| 8307401369 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 86 | |
| 8307401370 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 87 | |
| 8307401371 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 88 | |
| 8307401372 | Bantu Migrations |  | 89 | |
| 8307401373 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 90 |
