The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
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| 4285641663 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 4285641664 | Shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 4285641665 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 2 | |
| 4285641666 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 3 | |
| 4285641667 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 4 | |
| 4285641668 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 5 | |
| 4285641669 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 6 | |
| 4285641670 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 7 | |
| 4285641671 | Zakat | tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims | 8 | |
| 4285641672 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 9 | |
| 4285641673 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 10 | |
| 4285641674 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 11 | |
| 4285641675 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 12 | |
| 4285641676 | Ridda | wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam | 13 | |
| 4285641677 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 14 | |
| 4285641678 | Mu'awiya | the first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus | 15 | |
| 4285641679 | Copts, Nestorians | Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims | 16 | |
| 4285641680 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 17 | |
| 4285641681 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 18 | |
| 4285641682 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 19 | |
| 4285641683 | Jizya | head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands | 20 | |
| 4285641684 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 21 | |
| 4285641685 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 22 | |
| 4285641686 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 23 | |
| 4285641687 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 24 | |
| 4285641688 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 25 | |
| 4285641689 | Ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids | 26 | |
| 4285641690 | Al-Mahdi | 3rd Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem | 27 | |
| 4285641691 | Harun al-Rashid | most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights | 28 | |
| 4285641692 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad | 29 | |
| 4285641693 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 30 | |
| 4285641694 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 31 | |
| 4285641695 | Salah-ud-Din | Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms | 32 | |
| 4285641696 | Ibn Khaldun | great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynasty history | 33 | |
| 4285641697 | Al-Razi | classified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral | 34 | |
| 4285641698 | Al-Biruni | 11th c. scientist; calculated the specific weight of major minerals | 35 | |
| 4285641699 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 36 | |
| 4285641700 | Al-Ghazali | brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions | 37 | |
| 4285641701 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 38 | |
| 4285641702 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 39 | |
| 4285641703 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 40 | |
| 4285641704 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 41 | |
| 4285641705 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire | 42 | |
| 4285641706 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 43 | |
| 4285641707 | Mahmud of Ghazni | ruler of an Afghan dynasty; invaded northern India during the 11th century | 44 | |
| 4285641708 | Muhammad of Ghur | Persian ruler of a small Afghan kingdom; invaded and conquered much of northern India | 45 | |
| 4285641709 | Sati | Hindu ritual for burning widows with their deceased husbands | 46 | |
| 4285641710 | Bhaktic cults | Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses-- especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali | 47 | |
| 4285641711 | Kabir | 15th c. Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam | 48 | |
| 4285641712 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 49 | |
| 4285641713 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 50 | |
| 4285641714 | Demak | most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions | 51 | |
| 4285641715 | Stateless societies | societies of varying sizes organized through kingship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states | 52 | |
| 4285641716 | Maghrib | Arabic term fro northwestern Africa | 53 | |
| 4285641717 | Almoravids | a puritanical Islamic movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain | 54 | |
| 4285641718 | Almohadis | a later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain | 55 | |
| 4285641719 | Ethiopia | a Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa | 56 | |
| 4285641720 | Sahel | the extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; an exchange region between the forests in the south and north of Africa | 57 | |
| 4285641721 | Sudanic states | states trading with north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways | 58 | |
| 4285641722 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 59 | |
| 4285641723 | Juula | Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali Empire and west Africa | 60 | |
| 4285641724 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 61 | |
| 4285641725 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 62 | |
| 4285641726 | Kankan Musa | (c. 1312-1337) made a pilgrimage to Mecca during the 14th c. that became legendary because of the wealth distributed along the way | 63 | |
| 4285641727 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 64 | |
| 4285641728 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 65 | |
| 4285641729 | Hausa states | states, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs | 66 | |
| 4285641730 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 67 | |
| 4285641731 | Demographic transition | the change from slow to rapid population growth; often associated with industrialization; occurred first in Europe and is more characteristic of the "developed world" | 68 | |
| 4285641732 | Nok | central Nigerian culture with a highly developed art style flourishing between 500 BCE and 200 CE | 69 | |
| 4285641733 | Yoruba | highly urbanized Nigerian agriculturists organized into small city-states, as Oyo, under the authority of regional divine kings presiding over elaborate courts | 70 | |
| 4285641734 | Luba | peoples, in Katanga, created a form of divine kingship where the ruler had powers ensuring fertility of people and crops | 71 | |
| 4285641735 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 72 | |
| 4285641736 | Justinian | 6th c Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law | 73 | |
| 4285641737 | Body of Civil Law | Justinian's codification of Roman Law; reconciled Roman edicts and decisions; made Roman law coherent basis for political and economic life | 74 | |
| 4285641738 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 75 | |
| 4285641739 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 76 | |
| 4285641740 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 77 | |
| 4285641741 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory | 78 | |
| 4285641742 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 79 | |
| 4285641743 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 80 | |
| 4285641744 | Rurik | legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855 | 81 | |
| 4285641745 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 82 | |
| 4285641746 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 83 | |
| 4285641747 | Yaroslav | (975-1054); last great Kievan monarch; responsible for codification of laws, based on Byzantine codes | 84 | |
| 4285641748 | Boyars | Russian land-holding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts | 85 | |
| 4285641749 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | 86 | |
| 4285641750 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 87 | |
| 4285641751 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 88 | |
| 4285641752 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 89 | |
| 4285641753 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 90 | |
| 4285641754 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 91 | |
| 4285641755 | Moldboard | adjunct to the plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils | 92 | |
| 4285641756 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 93 | |
| 4285641757 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 94 | |
| 4285641758 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 95 | |
| 4285641759 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 96 | |
| 4285641760 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 97 | |
| 4285641761 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 98 | |
| 4285641762 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 99 | |
| 4285641763 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 100 | |
| 4285641764 | Capetians | French dynasty ruling from the 10th c; developed a strong central monarchy | 101 | |
| 4285641765 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 102 | |
| 4285641766 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 103 | |
| 4285641767 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 104 | |
| 4285641768 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 105 | |
| 4285641769 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 106 | |
| 4285641770 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 107 | |
| 4285641771 | St. Clare of Assisi | 13th c founder of a woman's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic Church | 108 | |
| 4285641772 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | 109 | |
| 4285641773 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 110 | |
| 4285641774 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 111 | |
| 4285641775 | Troubadours | poets in 14th c southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in Western tradition | 112 | |
| 4285641776 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 113 | |
| 4285641777 | Jacques Coeur | 15th c French merchant; his career as banker to the French monarchy demonstrates new course of medieval commerce | 114 | |
| 4285641778 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 115 | |
| 4285641779 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 116 | |
| 4285641780 | Indian | misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous New World peoples; still used to describe Native Americans | 117 | |
| 4285641781 | Toltecs | nomadic peoples from beyond northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice | 118 | |
| 4285641782 | Aztecs | the Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that penetrated into the sedentary zone of the Mesoamerican plateau after the fall of the Toltecs; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco | 119 | |
| 4285641783 | Tenochtitlan | founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoc; became center of Aztec power | 120 | |
| 4285641784 | Calpulli | clans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | 121 | |
| 4285641785 | Chinampas | beds of aquatic weeks,mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs | 122 | |
| 4285641786 | Pochteca | merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items | 123 | |
| 4285641787 | Inca socialism | an interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole | 124 | |
| 4285641788 | Inca | group of clans (ayllu) centered at Cuzco; created an empire in the Andes during the 15th c; also title of the ruler | 125 | |
| 4285641789 | Pachacuti | Inca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaign that marked the creation of an Inca empire | 126 | |
| 4285641790 | Huayna Capac | Inca ruler (1493-1527); brought the empire to its greatest extent | 127 | |
| 4285641791 | Split inheritance | Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy | 128 | |
| 4285641792 | Curacas | local rulers who the Inca left in office in return for loyalty | 129 | |
| 4285641793 | Tambos | way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages | 130 | |
| 4285641794 | Quipu | system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records | 131 | |
| 4285641795 | Period of the Six Dynasties | era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han | 132 | |
| 4285641796 | Wendi | member of prominent northern Chinese family during the era of Six Dynasties; established Sui dynasty in 589, with support from northern nomadic peoples | 133 | |
| 4285641797 | Li Yuan | Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over the empire after the assassination of Yangdi; 1st Tang ruler | 134 | |
| 4285641798 | Ministry of Public Rites | administered the examinations for state office during the Tang dynasty | 135 | |
| 4285641799 | Jinshi | title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office | 136 | |
| 4285641800 | Chan Buddhism | call Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular among the elite | 137 | |
| 4285641801 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 138 | |
| 4285641802 | Wuzong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism | 139 | |
| 4285641803 | Khitan nomads | founded Liao dynasty of Manchuria in 907; remained a threat to Song; very much influenced by Chinese culture | 140 | |
| 4285641804 | Zhao Kuangyin | general who founded Song dynasty; took royal name of Taizu | 141 | |
| 4285641805 | Zhu Xi | most prominent Neo-Confucian scholar during the Song dynasty; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life | 142 | |
| 4285641806 | Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song ruler in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalism; advocated greater state intervention in society | 143 | |
| 4285641807 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 144 | |
| 4285641808 | Jurchens | founders of Jin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forces Song to flee south | 145 | |
| 4285641809 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 146 | |
| 4285641810 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 147 | |
| 4285641811 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 148 | |
| 4285641812 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 149 | |
| 4285641813 | Bi Sheng | 11th c artisan; devised technique of printing with movable type; made it possible for China to be the most contemporary literate civilziation | 150 | |
| 4285641814 | Taika reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | 151 | |
| 4285641815 | Fujiwara | mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 152 | |
| 4285641816 | Bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies | 153 | |
| 4285641817 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 154 | |
| 4285641818 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 155 | |
| 4285641819 | Gempei wars | Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age | 156 | |
| 4285641820 | Bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai | 157 | |
| 4285641821 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 158 | |
| 4285641822 | Hojo | a warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor | 159 | |
| 4285641823 | Ashikaga Takuaji | member of Minamoto family; overthrew KamaKura regime and established Ashikaga shogunate (1336-1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino | 160 | |
| 4285641824 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 161 | |
| 4285641825 | Choson | earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han in 109 BCE | 162 | |
| 4285641826 | Koguryo | tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification | 163 | |
| 4285641827 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 164 | |
| 4285641828 | Yi | dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence | 165 | |
| 4285641829 | Trung Sisters | leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society | 166 | |
| 4285641830 | Khmers and Chams | Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi | 167 | |
| 4285641831 | Nguyen | southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi | 168 | |
| 4285641832 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 169 | |
| 4285641833 | Tumens | basic fighting units of Mongol forces; made up of 10,000 cavalrymen divided into smaller units | 170 | |
| 4285641834 | Tangut | rulers of Xi-Xia kingdom of northwest China; during the southern Song period; conquered by Mongols in 1226 | 171 | |
| 4285641835 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 172 | |
| 4285641836 | Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236 | 173 | |
| 4285641837 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 174 | |
| 4285641838 | Prester John | a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom supposedly had been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests; some thought he was Chinggis Khan | 175 | |
| 4285641839 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 176 | |
| 4285641840 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad | 177 | |
| 4285641841 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 178 | |
| 4285641842 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 179 | |
| 4285641843 | Chabi | influential wife of Kubilai Khan; demonstrated refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Confucian China | 180 | |
| 4285641844 | Nestorians | Asian Christian sect; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 181 | |
| 4285641845 | White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty | 182 | |
| 4285641846 | Ju Yuanzhang | Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty | 183 | |
| 4285641847 | Timur-i-Lang | last major nomad leader; 14th c, known to the West as Tamerlane; Turkic ruler of Samarkand; launched attacks in Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405 | 184 | |
| 4285641848 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 185 | |
| 4285641849 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 186 | |
| 4285641850 | Zheng He | Muslim Chinese seaman; commanded expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean | 187 | |
| 4285641851 | Renaissance | cultural and political elite movement beginning in Italy circa 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; produced literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the European Middle Ages | 188 | |
| 4285641852 | Portugal, Castile, and Aragon | regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda | 189 | |
| 4285641853 | Vivaldi brothers | Genoese explorers who attempted to find a western route to the "Indies"; precursors of European thrust into southern Atlantic | 190 | |
| 4285641854 | Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince; sponsored Atlantic voyages; reflected the forces present in last postclassical Europe | 191 | |
| 4285641855 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 192 |
