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| 5789776889 | Federalists | Political party that formed in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; Favored a stronger federal government and Hamilton's financial plan. | 0 | |
| 5789776890 | Democratic-Republicans | Political party formed in the 1790's; Led by Thomas Jefferson; Favored limited government and states rights. | 1 | |
| 5789776891 | Election of 1800 | A.K.A. "Revolution of 1800"; Election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic-Republican Party. | 2 | |
| 5789776892 | Hartford Convention of 1814 | Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 in which anti-war Federalist threatened to secede from the Union; After Jackson's victory at New Orleans, Federalists were seen as treasonous. | 3 | |
| 5789776893 | Era of Good Feelings | The decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the war of 1812 gave rise to a time of relative political unity. | 4 | |
| 5789776894 | Democrats | Political party that succeeded the Jeffersonian Democrat-Republicans; Brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; Supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government, drawing its support from the "common man" | 5 | |
| 5789776895 | Whigs | Political party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government. | 6 | |
| 5789776896 | Andrew Jackson | Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837), known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification. |  | 7 |
| 5789776897 | Henry Clay | Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient; Worked to keep the Union together through political compromise. |  | 8 |
| 5789776898 | Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) | After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina - ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time | 9 | |
| 5789776899 | John C. Calhoun | South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law. |  | 10 |
| 5789776900 | Midnight Judges | Federalist judges appointed by John Adams between the time he lost the election of 1800 and the time he left office in March 1801; Significantly included John Marshall | 11 | |
| 5789776901 | John Marshall | Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; Served as a chief justice until 1835; Legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and protected private property. | 12 | |
| 5789776902 | Cotton Belt | southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown; deep south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves |  | 13 |
| 5789776903 | Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Supreme Court decision that declared a section of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the principle of judicial review | 14 | |
| 5789776904 | judicial review | The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and actions taken by the executive. | 15 | |
| 5789776905 | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the BUS; Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bank and John Marshall wrote, "The power to tax is the power to destroy." | 16 | |
| 5789776906 | Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | Supreme Court decision stating that the authority of Congress is absolute in matters of interstate commerce | 17 | |
| 5789776907 | market economy | Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; Prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand | 18 | |
| 5789776908 | Embargo Act (1807) | Jefferson issued a government-order ban on international trade in order to pressure Britain and France to respect neutral trading rights; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with Foreign nations | 19 | |
| 5789776909 | "American System" | Henry Clay's proposal to make the U.S. economically self-sufficient; Called for protective tariffs, internal improvements at federal expense, the creation of a second Bank of the United States | 20 | |
| 5789776910 | Panic of 1819 | Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped | 21 | |
| 5789776911 | Debates over the tariff and internal improvements | Northerners generally favored higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense while Southerners generally opposed higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense | 22 | |
| 5789776912 | Second Bank of the United States | Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years | 23 | |
| 5789776913 | Tariff of 1816 | first protective tariff in US history designed primarily to help America's textile industry | 24 | |
| 5789776914 | "Tariff of Abominations" | 1828 tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues | 25 | |
| 5789776915 | Panic of 1837 | Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States | 26 | |
| 5789776917 | Slave Codes | Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders | 27 | |
| 5789776918 | Second Great Awakening | an upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (abolitionism, temperance, women's rights) designed to implement the idea of human perfectibility and equality. |  | 28 |
| 5789776919 | Charles Grandison Finney | Revivalist minister who is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated for temperance, the abolition of slavery, and equal education for women and African Americans. |  | 29 |
| 5789776920 | Seneca Falls Convention (1848) | The first convention in America for women right's held in NY; Issued "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" | 30 | |
| 5789776921 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY in 1848. |  | 31 |
| 5789776922 | Dorothea Dix | Pioneer in the reform movement for special treatment of mentally ill patients. |  | 32 |
| 5789776924 | Utopian communities | Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; Significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and Oneida Community in New York | 33 | |
| 5789776926 | American Colonization Society | Organization established in 1817 to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to "colonies" abroad. | 34 | |
| 5789776927 | William Lloyd Garrison | Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper |  | 35 |
| 5789776928 | Sojourner Truth | Former Slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist |  | 36 |
| 5789776929 | Frederick Douglass | Former slave who became a significant leader in the abolitionist movement; Published "The Liberator", an abolitionist newspaper; Author of famous autobiography that convinced countless northerners of the evils of slavery and the ability of blacks to be educated, free citizens. |  | 37 |
| 5789776932 | Transcendentalism | Philosophical and literary movement in the East that believed God existed within human being and nature; Romantic movement that believed human emotion, nature, and the self-reliant individual, all of which can be corrupted by society and its institutions, including spirituality (rejection of the rationalism of the enlightenment). | 38 | |
| 5789776933 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in American Transcendentalist movement. |  | 39 |
| 5789776934 | Henry David Thoreau | Writer and naturalist; With Ralph Waldo Emerson, he became America's best known transcendentalist; Author of "Civil Disobedience". |  | 40 |
| 5789776935 | John James Audubon | Naturalist and painter who became well-known for his attempt to document all types of American birds | 41 | |
| 5789776937 | Slave music | Music created by slaves for the purpose of religion, work and recreation; became the foundation for later styles of music known as gospel, jazz, and blues | 42 | |
| 5789776938 | Samuel Slater | Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States | 43 | |
| 5789776939 | John Deere | Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; The steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow | 44 | |
| 5789776940 | Lowell system | Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Massachusetts; Owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company and named in honor of the company's founder, Francis Lowell; First example of a planned automated factory |  | 45 |
| 5789776942 | Interchangeable parts | Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets | 46 | |
| 5789776943 | Erie Canal | 350 mile canal built by the state of New York (without Federal assistance) that stretched from Buffalo to Albany. |  | 47 |
| 8251296726 | Transportation Revolution | 1790s-1850s; Roads (turnpikes), steamships, canals, and railroads; Facilitated Western settlement and the market revolution. | 48 | |
| 5789776944 | turnpikes | Toll roads that first began to be constructed in the 1790s; The first infrastructure of the Transportation Revolution; E.g. Lancaster Turnpike, Cumberland Road (National Road). | 49 | |
| 5789776945 | National Road (1811) | A.K.A. Cumberland Road; First significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River. |  | 50 |
| 5789776946 | Baltimore and Ohio Railroad | First steam railroad commissioned in the US | 51 | |
| 5789776947 | Mason-Dixon Line | boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War |  | 52 |
| 5789776948 | "cult of domesticity" | Women's role in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); The centrality and increasing importance of women in decisions made at home. | 53 | |
| 5789776950 | Louisiana Purchase (1803) | U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River |  | 54 |
| 5789776951 | Corps of Discovery | (1804-1806) Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory and far West; led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. |  | 55 |
| 5789776952 | War Hawks | Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest | 56 | |
| 5789776953 | War of 1812 | (1812-1815) Between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas; Ended with an agreement of "status quo ante"; Facilitated American Nationalism; Sometimes called "Second American Revolution" |  | 57 |
| 5789776954 | Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) | Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S | 58 | |
| 5789776955 | Monroe Doctrine | Unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization stated the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere | 59 | |
| 5789776956 | Annexation of Texas (1845) | Independence from Mexico and annexation to the U.S. |  | 60 |
| 5789776957 | Oregon Treaty (1846) | after years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude |  | 61 |
| 5789776958 | "Manifest Destiny" | Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent; Phrase coined by John O'Sullivan. |  | 62 |
| 8251485836 | Mexican-American War | (1846-1848) American expansion leads to dispute over California and Texas | 63 | |
| 5789776960 | Mexican Cession (1848) | The region of the present-day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |  | 64 |
| 5789776962 | Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who established an Indian confederacy that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion - Defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison |  | 65 |
| 5789776963 | Indian Removal Act (1830) | Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for resettlement | 66 | |
| 5789776964 | Worcester v. Georgia (1832) | A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction - John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians | 67 | |
| 5789776965 | "Trail of Tears" | Forced migration of Native American nations from the Southeastern United States to Indian Reservations west of the Mississippi River; Following the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 |  | 68 |
| 5789776966 | Seminole Wars | 1814-1819, 1835-1842 The Seminole of Florida opposed removal and resisted US troops | 69 | |
| 5789776967 | Missouri Compromise (1820) | Law proposed by Henry Clay admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state | 70 | |
| 5789776968 | American Anti-Slavery Society | Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison; included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society | 71 | |
| 5789779251 | Liberia | Colony in West Africa meant to be a home for freed slaves. |  | 72 |
| 8256931214 | The Star-Spangled Banner | National anthem of the US; Written during the War of 1812. |  | 73 |
| 8373123599 | Deism | Liberal, rational religious philosophy of Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, and other founders. | 74 | |
| 8373157991 | Unitarianism | Liberal Christian denomination that rejects the divinity of Jesus and stresses the goodness of human nature and the existence of free will. | 75 | |
| 8373195826 | Evangelical Christianity | An especially influential trans-denominational Christian movement that emphasizes the authority of the Bible, salvation through belief in Christ, and conversion ("born again" experience); Came to prominence after the First and Second Great Awakenings and continued to be influential in social and political affairs into the 20th century. | 76 | |
| 8373340440 | Mormons | church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 (Second Great Awakening) with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah; Western pioneers. | 77 | |
| 8373359999 | Horace Mann | Early public education and education reform advocate | 78 | |
| 8373373912 | Noah Webster | Author of a dictionary that standardized American English, as well as early American school textbooks that aided in education reform. | 79 | |
| 8373401618 | temperance | restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food | 80 | |
| 8373408171 | American Temperance Society | Founded 1826 Boston; An early reform group that aimed to convince people to voluntary give up alcohol. | 81 | |
| 8373461338 | Maine Law of 1851 | First state law to ban the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages | 82 | |
| 8373479497 | Brook Farm | Est. 1831 in Massachusetts; A transcendentalist Utopian community. | 83 | |
| 8373497168 | Oneida Community | Est. 1848 New York; Utopian community that practiced "free love" and eventually found great success in manufactures (especially silverware). | 84 | |
| 8373526271 | Hudson River School | American artistic movement that depicted discovery, exploration, and settlement of romantic local landscapes, reflecting growing nationalism of the early 1800s. |  | 85 |
| 8373558076 | Washington Irving | One of the first American writers to gain international fame; "Legend of Sleepy Hollow"; "Rip Van Winkle" | 86 |
