Hello, welcome to the ultimate study guide for the AP World History exam. Have fun, and good luck. This is basically a compilation of every notecard term in the unit.
Terms : Hide Images
| 12558930978 | Dates of Period 4 | the time period of 1450 - 1750 | 0 | |
| 12558930979 | Catholic Reformation | the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary) | 1 | |
| 12558930980 | Jesuits | a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's) | 2 | |
| 12558930981 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 3 | |
| 12558930985 | Humanism | interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals | 4 | |
| 12558930986 | Patrons | supporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young | 5 | |
| 12558930990 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |  | 6 |
| 12558930991 | Indulgences | The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church. |  | 7 |
| 12558930992 | John Calvin | A protestant who established a variation of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God. |  | 8 |
| 12558930993 | Anglican Church | A form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious belief, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife. |  | 9 |
| 12558930994 | Martin Luther | a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church |  | 10 |
| 12558930995 | Renaissance Man | Title of a person who was smart and genius in the Renaissance Era. |  | 11 |
| 12558930996 | Deism | God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory. |  | 12 |
| 12558930999 | Renaissance | A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever |  | 13 |
| 12558931000 | Adam Smith | He analyzed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economies in his classic book, "The Wealth of Nations" | 14 | |
| 12558931001 | New Monarchies | Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions | 15 | |
| 12558931002 | Constitutional Monarchy | States where rulers shared power with a parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and urban citizens | 16 | |
| 12558931003 | Gentry | the most powerful members of a society, and landowners that affected the style of the old aristocracy |  | 17 |
| 12558931004 | Enlightenment | the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought | 18 | |
| 12558931005 | John Locke | sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties | 19 | |
| 12558931006 | Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) | 20 | |
| 12558931007 | Voltaire | wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms | 21 | |
| 12558931011 | Phillip II | ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century | 22 | |
| 12558931012 | Divine Right | with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries |  | 23 |
| 12558931013 | Louis XIV | Understood the importance of a "theatre state", by building a magnificent palace at Versailles, and the apex of absolutism occurred under him |  | 24 |
| 12558931014 | Absolute Monarchies vs. limited monarchies | absolute monarchies held complete control over their kingdom vs. the limited power. | 25 | |
| 12558931015 | Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner | 26 | |
| 12558931016 | Mercantilism | the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business) |  | 27 |
| 12558931019 | Balance of Power | states forming a temporary alliance to prevent the state form being too powerful. (Russia emerged as a major power in Europe after its mediterranean armies got Sweden in the GNW) | 28 | |
| 12558931020 | Versailles | a place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted europe'. |  | 29 |
| 12558931021 | Zheng He | led expiditions in Chinese junks across the atlantic ocean, with one goal being to assert Chinas power after the demise of the Yuan dynasty. |  | 30 |
| 12558931022 | Henry the Navigator | the third son of the portuguese king; devoted his life to navigation, creating a navigation school, which became a magnet for the cartographers of the world | 31 | |
| 12558931023 | Caravel | a new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas |  | 32 |
| 12558931024 | Vasco da Gama | set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal |  | 33 |
| 12558931025 | Christopher Columbus | A Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West. | 34 | |
| 12558931026 | Treaty of Tordesillas | a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond. |  | 35 |
| 12558931028 | Conquistadors | went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico |  | 36 |
| 12558931029 | Cortes | sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology | 37 | |
| 12558931033 | De La Casas | a conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights |  | 38 |
| 12558931034 | Franciscans | peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor. | 39 | |
| 12558931036 | Peninsularies | a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world | 40 | |
| 12558931041 | Encomienda | the system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them |  | 41 |
| 12558931042 | Creoles | composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class |  | 42 |
| 12558931044 | Dutch East India Company | a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific |  | 43 |
| 12558931046 | Indentured Servitude | a system which was usually ethnically the same as a free settler, but he or she was bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for a person for four to seven years, in exchange for payment of the new world voyage | 44 | |
| 12558931047 | Columbian exchange | the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World |  | 45 |
| 12558931048 | Middle Passage | the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world |  | 46 |
| 12558931050 | Pilgrims | settled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands | 47 | |
| 12558931051 | Puritans | wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it | 48 | |
| 12558931053 | African Diaspora | The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 1750 |  | 49 |
| 12558931064 | Akbar | the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent. | 50 | |
| 12558931065 | Taj Mahal | a building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife. |  | 51 |
| 12558931066 | Sati | the ritual suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands pyres, representing the low status of women | 52 | |
| 12558931067 | Mughal Empire | an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s |  | 53 |
| 12558931079 | Daimyo | Japanese territorial lords, who held local control of areas. | 54 | |
| 12558931081 | Tokugawa Shogunate | a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo. Also called a tent government, which was temporary | 55 | |
| 12558931086 | Chinapas | Floating gardens used by the Aztecs | 56 | |
| 12558944076 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | 57 |
