Hello, welcome to the ultimate study guide for the AP World History exam. Have fun, and good luck. This is basically a compilation of every notecard term in the unit.
Terms : Hide Images
| 14096097588 | Dates of Period 4 | the time period of 1450 - 1750 | 0 | |
| 14096097589 | Catholic Reformation | the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary) | 1 | |
| 14096097590 | Jesuits | a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's) | 2 | |
| 14096097591 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 3 | |
| 14096097592 | English Civil War | This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished. | 4 | |
| 14096097593 | Scientific Revolution | a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century | 5 | |
| 14096097594 | Scholasticism | Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clases between science and religion | 6 | |
| 14096097595 | Humanism | interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals | 7 | |
| 14096097596 | Patrons | supporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young | 8 | |
| 14096097600 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |  | 9 |
| 14096097601 | Indulgences | The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church. |  | 10 |
| 14096097604 | Martin Luther | a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church |  | 11 |
| 14096097606 | Deism | God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory. |  | 12 |
| 14096097607 | Land-based Powers | A shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected | 13 | |
| 14096097608 | Sea-based Powers | Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims. | 14 | |
| 14096097609 | Renaissance | A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever |  | 15 |
| 14096097612 | Constitutional Monarchy | States where rulers shared power with a parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and urban citizens | 16 | |
| 14096097613 | Gentry | the most powerful members of a society, and landowners that affected the style of the old aristocracy |  | 17 |
| 14096097614 | Enlightenment | the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought | 18 | |
| 14096097619 | Holy Roman Empire | a place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century |  | 19 |
| 14096097621 | Phillip II | ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century | 20 | |
| 14096097622 | Divine Right | with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries |  | 21 |
| 14096097624 | Absolute Monarchies vs. limited monarchies | absolute monarchies held complete control over their kingdom vs. the limited power. | 22 | |
| 14096097625 | Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner | 23 | |
| 14096097626 | Mercantilism | the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business) |  | 24 |
| 14096097627 | Joint-stock Companies | these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages. | 25 | |
| 14096097628 | Bourgeoise | middle class; factory owners who put long hours and much of their profits into their businesses | 26 | |
| 14096097629 | Balance of Power | states forming a temporary alliance to prevent the state form being too powerful. (Russia emerged as a major power in Europe after its mediterranean armies got Sweden in the GNW) | 27 | |
| 14096097630 | Versailles | a place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted europe'. |  | 28 |
| 14096097633 | Caravel | a new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas |  | 29 |
| 14096097634 | Vasco da Gama | set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal |  | 30 |
| 14096097635 | Christopher Columbus | A Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West. | 31 | |
| 14096097636 | Treaty of Tordesillas | a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond. |  | 32 |
| 14096097637 | Magellan | had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though Magellan himself died in the phillipines |  | 33 |
| 14096097638 | Conquistadors | went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico |  | 34 |
| 14096097639 | Cortes | sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology | 35 | |
| 14096097640 | Moctezuma | the Aztec emperor, who welcome the Spaniards at Tenochtitlan, seeing them as god-like. This was a mistake, as this allowed everyone to conquer him. | 36 | |
| 14096097641 | Francisco Pizzaro | led a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold. |  | 37 |
| 14096097642 | Ethnocentrism | the term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior |  | 38 |
| 14096097643 | De La Casas | a conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights |  | 39 |
| 14096097644 | Franciscans | peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor. | 40 | |
| 14096097646 | Peninsularies | a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world | 41 | |
| 14096097651 | Encomienda | the system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them |  | 42 |
| 14096097652 | Creoles | composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class |  | 43 |
| 14096097653 | Protestant work ethic | a work ethic of the protestants that encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth | 44 | |
| 14096097654 | Dutch East India Company | a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific |  | 45 |
| 14096097655 | Lost Colony | The colony of Walter Raleigh, as well as the first venture to North America by the British on the Carolina Coast. | 46 | |
| 14096097657 | Columbian exchange | the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World |  | 47 |
| 14096097658 | Middle Passage | the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world |  | 48 |
| 14096097660 | Pilgrims | settled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands | 49 | |
| 14096097661 | Puritans | wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it | 50 | |
| 14096097667 | Gunpowder Empires | an age of time where almost all powerful states used guns to build control/attack (included Russia, Ming and Qing, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid and the Mughal empire) |  | 51 |
| 14096097671 | Safavid Empire | an empire that grew from a turkish nomadic group, that were Shi'ite muslims |  | 52 |
| 14096097672 | Imams | heirs of Muhammad according to Shi'ite muslims | 53 | |
| 14096097673 | Babur | founded the Mughal empire, claimed to be a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan (1526) |  | 54 |
| 14096097674 | Akbar | the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent. | 55 | |
| 14096097675 | Taj Mahal | a building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife. |  | 56 |
| 14096097676 | Sati | the ritual suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands pyres, representing the low status of women | 57 | |
| 14096097677 | Mughal Empire | an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s |  | 58 |
| 14096097678 | Sikhism | started by Nanuk, who became the first Guru of Sikhism. Sikhism was a following of people who formed a community free of caste divisions |  | 59 |
| 14096097679 | Ivan IV | Ivan the Terrible (his nickname) reflected problems that tsars faced as power increased |  | 60 |
| 14096097680 | Great Northern War | War that was long and costly which came from Peter's modernized armies breaking Swedish control of the Baltic Sea, forcing Europe to see Russia as a major power |  | 61 |
| 14096097681 | Kabuki | a form of drama that consisted of several acts and separate skits with singing, dancing, and elaborate staging. (Actors became well known starts) |  | 62 |
| 14096097682 | Ivan III | declared himself as "tsar" (means Caesar) with the claim he was establishing the "Third Rome" |  | 63 |
| 14096097683 | Boyars | The nobility of the Russia feudal based economic system. They also had military responsibilities to overlords, including the tsar |  | 64 |
| 14096097685 | Peter the Great | The tsar of Russia in 1682 to 1724, who was most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power. He understood how things worked globally, and expanded water ports | | 65 |
| 14096097686 | St. Petersburg | The "Window to the West" established by Peter the Great, which was a capital built on the shoes of the newly accessed Baltic Sea (a port for the new navy + allowed closer access to western countries) |  | 66 |
| 14096097687 | Table of Ranks | A system by Peter the Great that allowed officials to attain gov't posistions based on merit, not on aristocracy status (reorganization of Bureaucracy) | 67 | |
| 14096097688 | Tsar | a derivative of "Caesar", establishing a "3rd rome". This was a major propaganda for Russia | 68 | |
| 14096097689 | Daimyo | Japanese territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai | 69 | |
| 14096097691 | Tokugawa Shogunate | a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo. Also called a tent government, which was temporary | 70 | |
| 14096097693 | Qing Dynasty | The name of the empire after the Ming; seized China from the emperors who could no longer defend their borders from the Manchu | 71 | |
| 14096097695 | Kowtow | a special, often deep bow to the Chinese emperor. In the Qing dynasty, those who came to see the emperor had to do a special bow consisting of 3 separate kneeling |  | 72 |
