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| 8289294468 | California Gold Rush | (1849) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government |  | 0 |
| 8292751930 | Mormons | Church of Latter-Day Saints; Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; Sought religious refuge in the West -- Salt Lake City, Utah. | 1 | |
| 8289294470 | Kansas Nebraska Act | (1854) Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. |  | 2 |
| 8289294472 | Republican Party | (Formed 1854) Anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free "Soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories |  | 3 |
| 8289294473 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States; Saved the Union during and emancipated the slaves; assassinated by Booth |  | 4 |
| 8292852922 | Henry David Thoreau | New England transcendentalist; Author of "Walden" and "Civil Disobedience". |  | 5 |
| 8292904001 | Homestead Acts | Several federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land at no cost; an expression of the "Free Soil" policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white men. | 6 | |
| 8293058753 | nativism | A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones. | 7 | |
| 8293098077 | Know Nothing movement | AKA American Party; Anti-Catholic movements responded to influx of Irish immigration in the 1840s and 1850s that were aimed at limiting the new immigrants' political power and cultural influence. | 8 | |
| 8289321239 | Free-soil party | Formed in 1847 - 1848; People who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white men. | 9 | |
| 8293239423 | abolitionism | a movement to end slavery | 10 | |
| 8293247056 | William Lloyd Garrison | Prominent abolitionist who published the anti-slavery journal The Liberator (1805-1879) |  | 11 |
| 8293265804 | American Antislavery Society | Formed 1833; Northern abolitionist group that sought immediate abolition of slavery with no compensation to slave owners; Garrison was founder and Frederick Douglass was a key leader. | 12 | |
| 8289294476 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853; A novel promoting abolition. | 13 | |
| 8289294477 | sectionalism | Strong identification with a particular region; Extends to culture, politics, and economics. |  | 14 |
| 8293422310 | gag rule | formal resolutions passed by the House of Representatives in 1836 to prevent the legislature from discussing abolitionism; Opposed by John Quincy Adams and repealed in 1844. | 15 | |
| 8293499324 | Mexican cession | 1848 Lands sold to the US following war; Later became the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. |  | 16 |
| 8289321243 | The Compromise of 1850 | Drafted by Clay and Douglas; Slavery outlawed in Washington D.C.; California is admitted as a free state; Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty; the Fugitive Slave Law is passed. | 17 | |
| 8293536184 | Lecompton Constitution | The second constitution drafted for Kansas Territory, written by proslavery supporters. | 18 | |
| 8293590725 | Election of 1860 | Abraham Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free-soil platform was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes; After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War. |  | 19 |
| 8289294474 | secession | Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation |  | 20 |
| 8293638319 | Radical Republicans | Extreme faction that opposed to slavery during the war, and after the war supported equal rights for freedmen; E.g. John C. Frémont, Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Ulysses S. Grant | 21 | |
| 8289294479 | Robert E. Lee | Distinguished soldier (Mexican War); Commander of the Confederate States Army. |  | 22 |
| 8289294480 | Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War |  | 23 |
| 8289294482 | Vicksburg | Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. |  | 24 |
| 8289294484 | Appomattox Courthouse | The Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War |  | 25 |
| 8289294485 | Ulysses S Grant | Commanding General of the Union Army; 18th President of the United States (1869-1877). |  | 26 |
| 8289294486 | William Tecumseh Sherman | Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war |  | 27 |
| 8289294487 | habeas corpus | Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment |  | 28 |
| 8289294488 | Presidential Reconstruction | President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S. |  | 29 |
| 8289294489 | Radical Reconstruction | Congressional Republican plan to rebuild the South after the Civil War. | 30 | |
| 8289294490 | Black Codes | Laws denying civil rights to newly freed slaves; Passed by southern states following the Civil War |  | 31 |
| 8289294491 | Military Reconstruction Act | 1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions |  | 32 |
| 8289294492 | Reconstruction Amendments | 13th: abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, 14th: secured the rights of former slaves after reconstruction, 15th: prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on their race |  | 33 |
| 8289294494 | Compromise of 1877 | Commonly cited as an end to reconstruction; Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river | 34 | |
| 8289294495 | Ku Klux Klan | One of the "redeemers" groups that was formed after the Civil War. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. | 35 | |
| 8289294496 | carpetbagger | A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states |  | 36 |
| 8289294497 | scalawag | A derogatory term for Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction |  | 37 |
| 8289294498 | sharecropper | A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. |  | 38 |
| 8289321227 | "peculiar institution" | southern euphemism for slavery | 39 | |
| 8289321228 | John C. Calhoun | South Carolina Senator; advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification |  | 40 |
| 8289321229 | Harriet Tubman | United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913) |  | 41 |
| 8289321230 | Fredrick Douglas | Former slave, abolitionist, and social reformer; Fought for freedom and civil rights for blacks and women |  | 42 |
| 8289321231 | Nat Turner's Rebellion | 1831 slaves in Virginia; Unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families | 43 | |
| 8289321233 | Underground Railroad | abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves | 44 | |
| 8289321234 | James K. Polk | 11th president (1845-1849) Advocate of territorial expansion. | 45 | |
| 8289321235 | Wilmot Proviso | Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico | 46 | |
| 8289321236 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | (1811-1896) Abolitionist and author of Uncle Tom's Cabin | 47 | |
| 8289321237 | John Brown | abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) | 48 | |
| 8289321238 | apologists | Christian thinkers who defended slavery and explained its "positive good" through Christian beliefs | 49 | |
| 8289321240 | Confederate States of America | a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States | 50 | |
| 8289321241 | Gadsden Purchase | purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary | 51 | |
| 8289321242 | Fugitive Slave Law | Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. | 52 | |
| 8289321244 | The Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas; repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed for popular sovereignty in new territories. | 53 | |
| 8289321245 | Dred Scott v. Sanford | 1857 Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process. | 54 | |
| 8289321246 | "Bleeding Kansas" | A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. | 55 | |
| 8289321247 | Harper's Ferry | Setting of John Brown's failed 1859 revolt intended to invade the South with armed slaves. | 56 | |
| 8289321248 | popular sovereignty | The doctrine advocated by Stephen Douglas that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, this would decide whether a territory allowed slavery. | 57 | |
| 8289321252 | John Wilkes Booth | American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. | 58 | |
| 8289321253 | Copperheads | northern democrat who during the Civil War advocated making peace with the Confederacy | 59 | |
| 8289321254 | New York Draft Riots | July 1863; Irish working-class men and women violently resist Federal army draft | 60 | |
| 8289321255 | Antietam | the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation | 61 | |
| 8289321256 | Gettysburg | a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863. | 62 | |
| 8289321258 | Emancipation Proclamation | Executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862; Reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers; Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy. | 63 | |
| 8293719804 | Massachusetts 54th Regiment | An all black regiment in Civil War; Authorized by the Emancipation Proclamation. | 64 | |
| 8289321259 | Thirteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. | 65 | |
| 8289321260 | Freedmen's Bureau | 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs | 66 | |
| 8289321263 | Redeemer Governments | Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. | 67 | |
| 8289321264 | Reconstruction | the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were rebuilt, reorganized, and reintegrated into the Union; Opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve. | 68 | |
| 8289321265 | Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction | (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation | 69 | |
| 8289321268 | Civil Rights Bill of 1866 | first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto | 70 | |
| 8289321269 | Fourteenth Amendment | made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country | 71 | |
| 8289321272 | Fifteenth Amendment | The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. | 72 | |
| 8293907176 | impeachment of President Johnson | 1868 attempt by the House to remove Johnson from office | 73 | |
| 8289321273 | Enforcement Acts | 1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote | 74 | |
| 8289321275 | black codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves | 75 | |
| 8289321276 | sharecroppers | People who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop | 76 | |
| 8293147831 | Battle of the Little Bighorn | AKA Custer's Last Stand; 1876 battle in which Sioux and Cheyenne killed an entire force of U.S. troops | 77 | |
| 8293829279 | National Woman Suffrage Association | (F. 1869) Organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women; Founded after being emboldened by the Reconstruction Amendments. | 78 | |
| 8610548039 | "Lost Cause" | A movement that describes the Confederate cause as a heroic one against great or impossible odds; The belief that the war was fought over states' rights and not slavery, slavery was a benevolent institution that offered Christianity to African "savages", and the war was a just cause in the eyes of God. | 79 |
