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| 12989510678 | transcontinental railroads | Lines that cross the nation connecting East to West; Opened new markets and helped spur the Second Industrial Revolution | 0 | |
| 12989510679 | federal land grants | Land given by government to universities and railroad companies | 1 | |
| 12989510680 | Morrill Acts | Laws enacted in 1862 and 1890 to help create agricultural colleges by giving federal land to states; An example of a federal land grant. | 2 | |
| 12989510681 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | Titan of industry: Railroads |  | 3 |
| 12989510682 | state and federal government regulation of the railroads | Nominally successful attempts by small farmers to get better shipping rates; Resulted in local laws aimed at railroad pools and rebates that benefited big business; And national laws that aimed to control interstate commerce; E.g. Wabash case (1886), Interstate Commerce Act (1887) | 4 | |
| 12989510683 | Wabash Case (1886) | Supreme Court decision: States have no power to regulate interstate commerce; Only the government can do that. | 5 | |
| 12989510684 | Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) | The first concerted effort to regulate business; Control commercial activities between states | 6 | |
| 12989510685 | business consolidation | Methods used to strengthen industrial corporations, including formation of trusts and holding companies, vertical integration, horizontal integration. | 7 | |
| 12989510686 | vertical Integration | Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel) | 8 | |
| 12989510687 | horizontal Integration | Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil) | 9 | |
| 12989510688 | trusts | A.K.A. holding companies; A group of corporations run by a single board of directors; A form of business consolidation practiced during the Gilded Age of big business. |  | 10 |
| 12989510689 | Andrew Carnegie | Titan of Industry: Steel; Author of "Gospel of Wealth" |  | 11 |
| 12989510690 | John D. Rockefeller | Titan of industry: Oil |  | 12 |
| 12989510691 | Standard Oil Company | John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition. | | 13 |
| 12989510692 | Bessemer process | A cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850; Widespread adoption in the US allowed steel production and industrialization to outpace all global industrial competitors. |  | 14 |
| 12989510693 | J.P. Morgan | Titan of industry: Banking |  | 15 |
| 12989510694 | laissez-faire policies | Free enterprise; Business is free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies. | 16 | |
| 12989510695 | Social Darwinism | A philosophy based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection holding that a system of unrestrained competition (E.g. laissez-faire policies) will ensure the survival of the fittest. | 17 | |
| 12989510696 | Gospel of Wealth | Andrew Carnegie and others; The idea that those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society. |  | 18 |
| 12989510697 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) | Banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States | 19 | |
| 12989510698 | New South | A development plan to bring manufacturing to where cotton was produced |  | 20 |
| 12989510699 | Second Industrial Revolution | Spurred by machine tools, interchangeable parts, mass steel production, transcontinental railroad, immigrant labor |  | 21 |
| 12989510700 | child labor | Use of under-age workers in farms, mills, and factories. |  | 22 |
| 12989510701 | labor movement | An attempt to organize workers under the leadership of a Union | 23 | |
| 12989510702 | American Federation of Labor | Founded by Samuel Gompers; Sought better wages, hours, working conditions; Skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialism and communism. |  | 24 |
| 12989510703 | Knights of Labor | American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals. |  | 25 |
| 12989510704 | Haymarket Affair (1886) | Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths; Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor. |  | 26 |
| 12989510705 | Samuel Gompers | Leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL); A moderate who refuted socialism and radicalism | 27 | |
| 12989510706 | machine politics | Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; Mostly affiliated with urban immigrant groups. E.G. Tweed Ring, Tammany Hall. |  | 28 |
| 12989510707 | segregation | The separation into ethnic or racial groups in daily life: Restaurants, water fountains, public toilet, school, entertainment venues, transportation, residential neighborhoods. |  | 29 |
| 12989510708 | Jim Crow laws | State-level legal codes, literacy requirement for voting, voter registration laws and poll taxes meant to deter blacks from voting | 30 | |
| 12989510709 | Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | A landmark Supreme Court case that legalized segregation in public facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." |  | 31 |
| 12989510710 | Gilded Age | A sarcastic description of the late 19th century in the United States; Suggested both the extravagant wealth of the time and the terrible poverty that lay underneath; Coined by Mark Twain. | 32 | |
| 12989510711 | Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) | Prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the United States. |  | 33 |
| 12989510712 | People's Party | (1892-96) A populist agrarian political movement that drew support from angry farmers in the West and South; Highly critical of big business and in favor of government regulation. | 34 | |
| 12989510713 | populism | A philosophy supporting the rights and empowerment of the masses as opposed to elites | 35 | |
| 12989510714 | Homestead and Pullman Strikes | Battles between corporations and labor unions; Ended with government intervention on the side of big business. | 36 | |
| 12989510715 | urbanization | movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities |  | 37 |
| 12989510716 | New Immigrants | Eastern and Southern Europeans, especially Jews, Russians, Italians, and Poles |  | 38 |
| 12989510717 | tenements | a multi-dwelling building, often poor and overcrowded |  | 39 |
| 12989510718 | assimilation | the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another through language and customs |  | 40 |
| 12989510719 | settlement houses | Private non-governmental institutions in growing cities that offered education, recreation, and social activities to poor or immigrant groups; E.g. Jane Addams's Hull House |  | 41 |
| 12989510720 | Jane Addams | Reformer who helped poor immigrants; Established Hull House. |  | 42 |
| 12989510721 | Hull House | settlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889 | | 43 |
| 12989510722 | Social Gospel | A 19th-century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have an individual responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty. | 44 | |
| 12989510723 | Booker T. Washington | Black leader who argued for gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans through hard work and vocational training |  | 45 |
| 12989510724 | W.E.B. Dubois | Critical of Washington's compliancy; Demanded complete equality for blacks |  | 46 |
| 12989510725 | Ida B. Wells | Investigative journalistic accounts that showed lynchings were often caused by economic inequality and labor disputes |  | 47 |
| 12989510726 | Susan B. Anthony | An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. |  | 48 |
| 12989510727 | Victoria Woodhull | Feminist who advocated for free love, women's suffrage, and women in the workplace; She was the first woman to run for President (1872) |  | 49 |
| 12989510728 | suffrage | the right to vote | 50 | |
| 12989510729 | National American Woman Suffrage Association | (Est. 1890) Organization dedicated to expanding voting rights; Significantly led by Carrie Chapman Catt | 51 | |
| 12989510730 | Carrie Chapman Catt | Women's suffragist who emphasized voting rights as a necessity for women increasingly taking on roles as family and urban community leaders; Leader of NAWSA |  | 52 |
| 12989510731 | prohibition | forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor |  | 53 |
| 12989510732 | Women's Christian Temperance Union | A reform group that aimed to enact nationwide prohibition laws | 54 | |
| 12989510733 | George Washington Plunkitt | Boss of Tammany Hall, political machine in New York City | 55 | |
| 12989510734 | Credit Mobilier scandal | corruption in the railroads allowing men to change the government very high amounts for the work to be done | 56 | |
| 12989510735 | Rutherford B. Hayes | won the election of 1876 in exchange for withdrawing the federal troops from the remaining southern states |  | 57 |
| 12989510736 | civil service | Government employees appointed via spoils/patronage or merit | 58 | |
| 12989510737 | civil service reform | An extended effort led by political reformers to end the spoils system; Led to the Pendleton Act (1883), which called for government positions to be awarded based on merit rather than party loyalty. | 59 | |
| 12989510738 | Pendleton Act (1883) | Legislation that attempted to replace the spoils system with a merit system | 60 | |
| 12989510739 | Civil Service Commission | Created by Pendleton Act to oversee examinations for potential government employees | 61 | |
| 12989510740 | Mark Twain | Realist author of "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1885), social commentator; Notable anti-imperialist |  | 62 |
| 12989510741 | poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses | methods used to suppress black voting in Jim Crow South | 63 | |
| 12989510742 | frontier | A wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country; In the United States: the West. |  | 64 |
| 12989510743 | frontiersman / pioneers / settlers | The migrants who first move into, live, and work into an undeveloped region |  | 65 |
| 12989510744 | bison | the primary source of food, shelter, and clothing for the Plains Indians. |  | 66 |
| 12989510745 | Great Plains | A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America |  | 67 |
| 12989510746 | Plains Indians | A diverse group of Indian tribes and their languages that inhabited the West; Pacified and removed in the late 1800s Indian Wars. |  | 68 |
| 12989510747 | Indian reservations | Ethnic cleansing into specified areas | 69 | |
| 12989510748 | Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) | (1876) Sioux victory over army troops led by George Custer; Also known as Custer's Last Stand. |  | 70 |
| 12989510749 | Dawes Act | (1887) land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land |  | 71 |
| 12989510750 | Ghost Dance | A religious revitalization campaign among several Plains Indian tribes; An attempt to preserve cultures and tribal identities despite US government policies promoting assimilation; Outlawed by US. |  | 72 |
| 12989510751 | Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) | Between US Army and Dakota Sioux; 200 Indians and 29 US soldiers died; Tensions erupted violently over the Sioux practice of Ghost Dance, which US Government outlawed, and dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act. |  | 73 |
| 12989510752 | Frederick Jackson Turner | United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history | 74 | |
| 12989510753 | The Significance of the Frontier in American History | Thesis argued by the historian Frederick Jackson Turner: the existence of cheap and unsettled land played a key role in making American society more democratic; the frontier helped create the American spirit of democracy and egalitarianism, acted as a safety valve for Americans to escape bad economic conditions, and stimulated nationalism and individualism | 75 | |
| 12989510754 | homesteaders | *Settlers who claimed land on the Great Plains under the Homestead Act. |  | 76 |
| 12989510755 | Homestead Acts | *United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. | 77 | |
| 12989510756 | irrigation schemes | government-sponsored projects to bring water to dry western lands to make them arable | 78 | |
| 12989510757 | mechanized agriculture | Using machines in farming to increase farm production; displaced many farmers; farmers created organizations to resist corporate power, E.g. Grange, Farmers Alliance, Peoples Party | 79 | |
| 12989510758 | Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance | Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement. |  | 80 |
| 12989510759 | People's Party | *A.K.A. Populists; An agrarian political party; Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South; Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. | 81 | |
| 12989510760 | populism | *a philosophy supporting the rights and empowerment of the masses as opposed to elites | 82 | |
| 12989510761 | Panic of 1893 | Serious economic depression due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point. Produced political upheaval that led to the realigning election of 1896 and the presidency of William McKinley. | 83 | |
| 12989510762 | Homestead and Pullman Strikes | Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business. | 84 | |
| 12989510763 | Election of 1896 | William McKinley wins! demonstrated a sharp division in society between urban and rural interests. William Jennings Bryan (Democrat & Populist) was able to form a coalition that answered the call of populist groups and rural interests including the indebted farmers and those arguing against the gold standard. McKinley's victory highlights the shift from America as an agrarian nature to one of urban interests. Populism defeated, but many of its goals would be achieved later in the Progressive Era. | 85 | |
| 12989510764 | William McKinley | 25th President 1897-1901 Republican |  | 86 |
| 12989510765 | William Jennings Bryan | Lawyer and politician who advocated free silver in 1896 election; Wilson's Secretary of State and advocate of Moral Diplomacy; Religious fundamentalist who prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school. |  | 87 |
| 12989510766 | Cross of Gold Speech (1896) | Given by William Jennings Bryan at the national convention of the Democratic Party; criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver; The last words of his speech became famous - "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." |  | 88 |
