The Newest Stage of World History: 1914-Present
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| 4285654160 | war line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants | Western Front | 0 | |
| 4285654161 | war zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought | Eastern Front | 1 | |
| 4285654162 | Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I | Archduke Franz Ferdinand | 2 | |
| 4285654163 | Russian tsar (r. 1894-1917); executed in 1918 | Nicholas II | 3 | |
| 4285654164 | World War I battle, 1915; unsuccessful attempt in defense of the Dardenelles | Gallipoli | 4 | |
| 4285654165 | war line between Italy and Austria-Hungary; also produced trench warfare | Italian Front | 5 | |
| 4285654166 | launched by Young Turk leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives | Armenian genocide | 6 | |
| 4285654167 | a major part of the German naval effort against the Allies during World War I; when employed against the US it precipitated American participation in the war | Submarine warfare | 7 | |
| 4285654168 | November 11, 1918 agreement by Germans to suspend hostilities | Armistice | 8 | |
| 4285654169 | French premier desiring harsher peace terms for Germans | Georges Clemenceau | 9 | |
| 4285654170 | British prime minister; attempted to mediate at peace conference between Clemenceau and Wilson | David Lloyd George | 10 | |
| 4285654171 | American president who called for self-determination and the League of Nations | Woodrow Wilson | 11 | |
| 4285654172 | ended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories | Treaty of Versailles | 12 | |
| 4285654173 | international organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the US never joined | League of Nations | 13 | |
| 4285654174 | political party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence | Indian National Congress | 14 | |
| 4285654175 | 1909; provided Indians with expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and national legislative councils | Morley-Minto Reforms | 15 | |
| 4285654176 | 1919; increased national powers of Indian legislators and place provincial administrations under ministries controlled by Indian-elected legislatures | Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms | 16 | |
| 4285654177 | 1919; placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights; undercut impact of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms | Rowlatt Act | 17 | |
| 4285654178 | Western-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence | M. K. Gandhi | 18 | |
| 4285654179 | "truth force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule | Satyagraha | 19 | |
| 4285654180 | president of Turkey (1923-1938); responsible for westernization of Turkey | Mustafa Kemal, Ataturk | 20 | |
| 4285654181 | prosperous business and professional urban Egyptian families; generally favored independence | Effendi | 21 | |
| 4285654182 | 1906 fracas between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers that resulted in an accidental death; Egyptian protest led to harsh repression that stimulated nationalist sentiment | Dinshawi incident | 22 | |
| 4285654183 | governments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers | Mandates | 23 | |
| 4285654184 | 1917; British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine | Balfour Declaration | 24 | |
| 4285654185 | European Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine | Zionism | 25 | |
| 4285654186 | Austrian Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; was unsympathetic to Arabs and promoted Jewish immigration into Palestine to form a Jewish state | Theodor Hertzl | 26 | |
| 4285654187 | French Jew, falsely accused of treason in 1894; acquitted 1906; his false conviction fueled Zionism | Alfred Dreyfus | 27 | |
| 4285654188 | Egyptian nationalist party founded after World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; participated in the negotiations that led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922 | Wafd Party | 28 | |
| 4285654189 | African American leaders with major impact on rising African nationalism | W.E.R. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey | 29 | |
| 4285654190 | literary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements | Negritude | 30 | |
| 4285654191 | 1928; a multnation treaty, sponsored by American and French leaders, that outlawed war | Kellogg-Briand Pact | 31 | |
| 4285654192 | headed by Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes | Cubist movement | 32 | |
| 4285654193 | political ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs | Fascism | 33 | |
| 4285654194 | organization of industrial workers to control the means of production and distribution | Syndicalism | 34 | |
| 4285654195 | 1910-1920; civil war; challenged Porio Diaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections | Mexican Revolution | 35 | |
| 4285654196 | Mexican revolutionary leader in northern Mexico after 1910 | Pancho Villa | 36 | |
| 4285654197 | Mexican revolutionary commander of a guerrilla movement centered at Morelos; demanded sweeping land reform | Emilliano Zapata | 37 | |
| 4285654198 | promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership, guaranteed rights for workers, and restricted clerical education and proprerty ownership; never fully implemented | Mexican Constitution of 1917 | 38 | |
| 4285654199 | Mexican president (1934-1940); responsible for large land redistribution to create communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education | Lazaro Cardenas | 39 | |
| 4285654200 | popular ballads written to celebrate heroes of the Mexican Revolution | Corridos | 40 | |
| 4285654201 | conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; a reaction against secularism | Cristeros | 41 | |
| 4285654202 | inclusive Mexican political party developing from the 1920s; rued for the rest of the 20th century | Party of Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) | 42 | |
| 4285654203 | council of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution | Soviet | 43 | |
| 4285654204 | liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; attempted development of parliamentary rule, but supported continuance of the war against Germany | Aleksander Kerensky | 44 | |
| 4285654205 | Bolshevik wing of the Russian socialists; came to power under Lenin in the November 1917 revolution | Russian Communist Party | 45 | |
| 4285654206 | government council composed of representatives from Russian soviets and headed by Lenin; came to power after November 1917 | Council of People's Commissars | 46 | |
| 4285654207 | built up under the leadership of Leon Trotsky; its victories secured communist power after the early years of turmoil following the Russian Revolution | Red Army | 47 | |
| 4285654208 | initiated in 1921 by Lenin; combined the state establishing basic economic policies with individual initiative; allowed food production to recover | New Economic Policy (NEP) | 48 | |
| 4285654209 | communist-controlled parliament of the USSR | Supreme Soviet | 49 | |
| 4285654210 | Communist International; an organization under dominance of the USSR; designed to encourage the spread of communism to the rest of the world | Comintern | 50 | |
| 4285654211 | Lenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled USSR until his death in 1953 | Joseph Stalin | 51 | |
| 4285654212 | creation of large state-run farms replacing individual holdings; allowed mechanization of agriculture and more efficient control over peasants | Collectivization | 52 | |
| 4285654213 | warlord in northern China after fall of the Qing dynasty; president of China in 1912; hoped to become emperor, but blocked in 1916 by Japanese intervention in China | Yuan Shikai | 53 | |
| 4285654214 | head of Revolutionary Alliance that led the 1911 revolt against the Qing; president of China in 1911, but yielded to Yuan Shikai in 1912; created the Guomindang in 1919 | Sun Yatsen | 54 | |
| 4285654215 | acceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy | May Fourth Movement | 55 | |
| 4285654216 | founded by Sun Yatsen in 1919; main support from urban businesspeople and merchants; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925 | Guomindang (National Party) | 56 | |
| 4285654217 | leader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 1949 | Chiang Kai-shek | 57 | |
| 4285654218 | communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the Communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 1976 | Mao Zedong | 58 | |
| 4285654219 | Communist retreat under Guomindang pressure in 1934; shifted center of communist power to Shanxi province | Long March | 59 | |
| 4285654220 | a 20th century form of government that exercised direct control over all aspects of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and other Communist states | Totalitarian State | 60 | |
| 4285654221 | civil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy,the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed | Spanish Civil War | 61 | |
| 4285654222 | Latin American and other nations' effort to produce what had formerly been imported | Import substitution economies | 62 | |
| 4285654223 | conservative political movement emphasizing the organic nature of society, with the state as mediator between different groups | Corporatism | 63 | |
| 4285654224 | Japanese general who dominated internal politics from the mid-1930s; gave the military dominance over civilian cabinets | Tojo Hideki | 64 | |
| 4285654225 | civil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy, the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed | Spanish Civil War | 65 | |
| 4285654226 | founded by Adolf Hitler in the period of the Great Depression in Germany | National Socialist (Nazi) Party | 66 | |
| 4285654227 | German term meaning lightening warfare; involved rapid movement of troops and tanks | Blitzkrieg | 67 | |
| 4285654228 | collaborationist French government established in Vichy in 1940 following defeat by Germany | Vichy | 68 | |
| 4285654229 | British prime minister during World War II; exemplified British determination to resist Germany | Winston Churchill | 69 | |
| 4285654230 | Germany's attempted extermination of European Jews and others; 12 million, including 6 million Jews, died | Holocaust | 70 | |
| 4285654231 | global organization, founded by the Allies following World War II | United Nations | 71 | |
| 4285654232 | 1944; meeting between the leaders of Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union; decided to open a new front against Germany in France; gave the Russians a free hand in eastern Europe | Tehran Conference | 72 | |
| 4285654233 | 1945; agreed upon Soviet entry into the war against Japan, organization of the United Nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union | Yalta Conference | 73 | |
| 4285654234 | 1945; meeting between the leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union; allies accepted Soviet control of eastern Europe; Germany and Austria were divided among the victors | Potsdam Conference | 74 | |
| 4285654235 | 1941; pact between the US and Britain; gave Britain a strong ally; in return the document contained a clause recognizing the right of all people to select their own government | Atlantic Charter | 75 | |
| 4285654236 | mass civil disobedience campaign against British rule of India in 1942 | Quit India movement | 76 | |
| 4285654237 | Indian organization that emerged at the end of World War II; backed Britain in the war | Muslim League | 77 | |
| 4285654238 | Muslim Indian nationalist; leader of the Muslim League; worked for a separate Muslim state; first president of Pakistan | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | 78 | |
| 4285654239 | African revolutionary movement for reform of Kenyan colonial system; began a conflict in 1952; called the Mau Mau by the British | Land Freedom Army | 79 | |
| 4285654240 | Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 1962 | National Liberation Front (FLN) | 80 | |
| 4285654241 | became the majority in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid | Afrikaner National Party | 81 | |
| 4285654242 | struggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia | Cold War | 82 | |
| 4285654243 | the eastern European countries of Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany dominated by the Soviet Union during the cold war | Eastern bloc | 83 | |
| 4285654244 | term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Western and communist nations | Iron Curtain | 84 | |
| 4285654245 | 1947 United States program to rebuild Europe and defeat domestic communist movements | Marshall Plan | 85 | |
| 4285654246 | formed in 1949 under US leadership to group Canada and western Europe against the Soviets | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | 86 | |
| 4285654247 | the Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites | Warsaw Pact | 87 | |
| 4285654248 | Great Depression-inspired system that increased government spending to provide social insurance and stimulate the economy | Welfare state | 88 | |
| 4285654249 | a new type of bureaucrat trained in the sciences or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; rose to importance in governments after World War II | Technocrat | 89 | |
| 4285654250 | rise during the 1970s in Europe of groups hostile to uncontrolled economic growth | Green movement | 90 | |
| 4285654251 | conservative leaders of the 1970s and 1980s; worked to cut welfare and to promote free enterprise; Cold Warriors | Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan | 91 | |
| 4285654252 | began by six nations as the European Economic Community (Commons Market); by the 21st century incorporated most of western European states and was expanding eastward | European Union | 92 | |
| 4285654253 | a wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes | New feminism | 93 | |
| 4285654254 | Polish labor movement beginning in the 1970s, taking control of the country from the Soviet Union | Solidarity | 94 | |
| 4285654255 | Soviet effort to replace Western literature and arts with works glorifying state-approved achievements by the masses | Socialist realism | 95 | |
| 4285654256 | term for nations not among the capitalist industrial nations of the first world or the industrialized communist nations of the second world | Third World | 96 | |
| 4285654257 | agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada that lowered trade barriers | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | 97 | |
| 4285654258 | combination of Roman Catholic and socialist principles aiming to improve the lives of the poor | Liberation theology | 98 | |
| 4285654259 | conservative, often dictatorial, Latin American governments friendly to the US; exported tropical products | Banana republics | 99 | |
| 4285654260 | introduced by US president Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to deal fairly, without intervention, with Latin American states | Good Neighbor Policy | 100 | |
| 4285654261 | 1961 US programs for economic development of Latin America | Alliance for Progress | 101 | |
| 4285654262 | Prime Minister of India (1966-1977, 1980-1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; dominated Indian politics for several decades | Indira Gandhi | 102 | |
| 4285654263 | food or industrial crops with a high demand in industrialized economies; their prices tend to fluctuate widely | Primary products | 103 | |
| 4285654264 | continued dominance of new nations by their former rulers | Neocolonialism | 104 | |
| 4285654265 | member of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful | Gamal Abdul Nasser | 105 | |
| 4285654266 | successor of Nasser as Egypt's ruler; dismantled Nasser's costly and failed programs; signed peace treaty with Israel in 1973; assassinated by a Muslim fundamentalist | Anwar Sadat | 106 | |
| 4285654267 | religious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences | Ayatollah Khomeini | 107 | |
| 4285654268 | Afrikaner policy of racial segregation in South Africa designed to create full economic, social, and political exploitation of African majority | Apartheid | 108 | |
| 4285654269 | areas in South Africa for residence of "tribal" African peoples; overpopulated and poverty-stricken; source of cheap labor for whites | Homelands | 109 | |
| 4285654270 | South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections | African National Congress (ANC) | 110 | |
| 4285654271 | ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994 | Nelson Mandela | 111 | |
| 4285654272 | South African president (1989-1994); led Afrikaner push for reforms ending apartheid; Nelson Mandela was freed in his presidency | F.W. de Klerk | 112 | |
| 4285654273 | American commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation government of Japan after the war; commanded United Nations forces during the Korean War | Douglas MacArthur | 113 | |
| 4285654274 | moderate political party that monopolized Japanese governments from 1955 into the 1990s | Liberal Democratic Party | 114 | |
| 4285654275 | southern half of Korea occupied by the US after World War II; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s | Republic of Korea | 115 | |
| 4285654276 | northern half of Korea dominated by USSR after World War II; formed a communist dictatorship under Kim Il-Song; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 116 | |
| 4285654277 | economic policy of Mao Zedong inaugurated in 1955; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives that then became farming collectives in 1956; peasants lost land gained a few years earlier | Mass Line | 117 | |
| 4285654278 | economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960 | Great Leap Forward | 118 | |
| 4285654279 | military, and dominant, arm of the communist structure in China | People's Liberation Army | 119 | |
| 4285654280 | initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance oveer the pragmatists; disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 1968 | Cultural Revolution | 120 | |
| 4285654281 | wife of Mao Zedong; one of the Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported the Cultural Revolution; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976 | Jiang Qing | 121 | |
| 4285654282 | pragmatists who opposed the Great Leap Forward; wanted to restore state direction ad market incentives at the local level | Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui | 122 | |
| 4285654283 | student brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in supporting Mao Zedong's policies | Red Guard | 123 | |
| 4285654284 | Jiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong | Gang of Four | 124 | |
| 4285654285 | peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the 1770s; toppled the Nguyen and the Trinh dynasties | Tayson Rebellion | 125 | |
| 4285654286 | with French support, unified Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty in 1802 with the capital at Hue | Nguyen Anh (Gia Long) | 126 | |
| 4285654287 | middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to the violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French | Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD) | 127 | |
| 4285654288 | the primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh | Communist Party of Vietnam | 128 | |
| 4285654289 | shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful US intervention in Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh | 129 | |
| 4285654290 | Communist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during World War II and the French afterwards | Viet Minh | 130 | |
| 4285654291 | the communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam during the Vietnamese War | Viet Cong | 131 | |
| 4285654292 | leader of the USSR (1985-1991); inaugurated major reforms that led to the disintegration of the communist regime | Mikhail Gorbachev | 132 | |
| 4285654293 | term meaning openness; Gorbachev policy opening the opportunity to criticize the government | Glasnost | 133 | |
| 4285654294 | term meaning economic restructuring; Gorbachev policy for the economic rebuilding of the USSR by allowing more private ownership and decentralized economic control | Perestroika | 134 | |
| 4285654295 | the increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups | Globalization | 135 | |
| 4285654296 | business organizations with connections across political borders | Multinational corporations | 136 |
