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| 525322906 | What is the definition of an "intraperitoneal organ?" | These are almost entirely covered with visceral peritoneum. | |
| 525322907 | What is the definition of "retroperitoneal organ?" | These are external or posterior to the peritoneum and are only partially covered with peritoneum, usually on just one surface. | |
| 525322908 | What are the retroperitoneal structures? | Abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters. All of these strucures lie directly against the posterior abdominal wall. | |
| 525322909 | What are the secondarily retroperitoneal structures? | Pancreas, all of duodenum except 1st half of proximal segment, ascending colon and hepatic flexure, splenic flexure, and descending colon. | |
| 525322910 | What are the intraperitoneal bowel segments? | Jejunum, ileum, appendix, cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon. Each of these intestinal segments, except the cecum, lie suspended in the abdominopelvic cavity by a broad peritoneal ligament called a mesentery. | |
| 525322911 | What are the borders of the omental bursa? | Superior: diaphragm Anterior: lesser omentum, stomach, gastrocolic ligament Inferior: transverse colon, transverse mesocolon Posterior: upper abdominal wall Left: gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, splenorenal ligaments Right: communicates with the greater sac through the epiploic foramen. | |
| 525322912 | Borders of the epiploic foramen: | Superior: caudate lobe of liver Anterior: free border of lesser momentum containing the portal vein, hepatic artery proper, common bile duct Posterior: IVC Inferior: proximal half of 1st segment of duodenum | |
| 525322913 | What structures make up the pelvic viscera? | Rectum, urinary bladder, uterus, uterine tubes (forming broad ligament) | |
| 525322914 | Clinical significance of the right lateral gutter? | Slow percolation of infected fluids from appendix, gallbladder, right kidney, lesser curvature of the stomach, and first and second parts of duodenum may, when patient is supine, enter the hepatorenal pouch. Fluid may flow from hepatorenal pouch and enter superior recess of mental bursa- accessible to heart & lungs. If patient is maintained in semi-sitting position, fluids descend to relatively accessible reco-vesical (uterine) pouch that can be drained via rectum or vagina. | |
| 525322915 | Visceral pain | Dull pain poorly localized to one of the midline regions of the abdomen (epigastric, umbilical, or hypogastric). Visceral pain fibers are sensitive to acute stretching and anoxia. The pain receptors are located in the muscular walls of the hollow abdominal and pelvic viscera and in the fibrous capsule of solid abdominal viscera. | |
| 525322916 | Referred pain | Pain that a diseased or injured viscus refers to a dermatome that is innervated by the same spinal segment. | |
| 525322917 | Somatic pain | Produced by stimulation of parietal peritoneum pain fibers. Inflammation of the parietal peritoneum of the anterolateral abdominal wall produces somatic pain that is sharp and limited to region of inflammation. A diseased abdominal or pelvic viscus can produce somatic pain when its inflammatory process extends to the parietal peritoneum of those abdominopelvic wall regions with which the viscus contacts. Stretching exacerbates the somatic pain. Worsening of inflammation ultimately elicits reflex contraction and rigidity of abdominal wall muscles. | |
| 525322918 | Origin of pain between xiphoid process and umbilicus | Foregut: distal esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, biliary tree, pancreas, liver | |
| 525322919 | Origin of pain in periumbilical region | Structures derived from the midgut- small bowel, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon | |
| 525322920 | Origin of pain between umbilicus and the pubic symphisis | Hindgut organs, which include distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, rectosigmoid regions. | |
| 525322921 | Rebound tenderness | Pain upon removal of pressure. Aggravation of parietal layer of peritoneum by stretching on or moving. One of the classical signs of peritonitis that can occur in diseases like appendicitis, and may occur in ulcerative colitis with rebound tenderness in the right lower quadrant. Other signs are tenderness and abdominal guarding. | |
| 525322922 | Suspensory ligament of the duodenum (Ligament of Treitz) | Widens duodenojejunal flexure to facilitate movement of intestinal contents |
