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Peter Gray's Psychology: Chapter 2 Flashcards

Notes from Peter Gray's Psychology: Sixth Edition (International Edition)

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1253535905Clever Hans"Genius" horse raised by Mr. von Osten, who, after educating Hans, believed that the horse was able to answer practically any question asked of him through hoof taps and head movements0
1253535906Mr. von OstenEccentric retired schoolteacher and devoted horseman who believed that, with a proper education, horses could become as intelligent as humans; trained Clever Hans; never sought personal gain from Hans1
1253535907Oskar PfungstPsychologist who discovered that Clever Hans, rather than being a genius horse, instead relied on humans' subtle and subconscious actions to answer questions2
1253535908FactAn objective statement that reasonable observers agree is true; aka an observation3
1253535909TheoryAn idea, or conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that might be discovered4
1253535910HypothesisAny prediction about new facts that is made from a theory5
1253535911Facts, theories, hypotheses, experiments, factsThe cycle of science6
1253564247Independent variableThe variable in an experiment that is hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable7
1253564248Dependent variableThe variable in an experiment that is hypothesized to be affected8
1253564249ExperimentA procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates one or more variables and looks for changes in one or more dependent variables, while keeping all other variables constant9
1253818658Subjects of studyThe people and animals that are studied in a research study10
1253818659Within-subject experimentsExperiments in which each subject is tested in each of the different condition of the independent variable11
1253818660Between-groups experimentsExperiments in which there is a separate group of subjects for each different condition of the independent variable12
1253818661Alberto DiMascioIdentified a group of patients suffering from major depression and assigned them randomly to different treatments: drug therapy, psychotherapy, both, or neither; the use of both was the most effective treatment13
1253818662Random assignmentA method, relying only on chance, used to assign subjects to treatment groups14
1253818663Correlational studyA study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable, but observes or measures two or more already existing variables to find relationships between them15
1253818664Diana BaumrindStudied the relationship between parents' disciplinary styles and children's behavioral development; between authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive disciplinary styles, authoritative was found to be most effective; other interpretations are possible, however16
1253818665Authoritarian disciplinary styleDisciplinary style in which there is a high exertion of parental power17
1253818666Authoritative disciplinary styleA kinder and more democratic disciplinary style in which the parents are still clearly in charge18
1253818667Permissive disciplinary styleDisciplinary style displaying parental laxity in the face of their children's disruptive behaviors19
1253850080Descriptive studyA study in which the aim is to describe the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without assessing relationships between different variables20
1253850081Jane GoodallResearcher who performed a descriptive study on wild chimpanzees in Africa for 30 years21
1253850082Laboratory studyAny research study in which the subjects are brought to a specially designated area that has been set up to facilitate the researcher's collection of data or control over environmental conditions22
1253850083Field studyAny research study conducted in a setting other than a laboratory23
1253850084Self-report methodsProcedures in which people are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental state in some way; done through a questionnaire or through an interview24
1253850085Observational methodsAll procedures by which researchers observe and record the behavior of interest, rather than relying on subjects' self-reports25
1253850086Naturalistic observationResearch method in which the researcher avoids interfering with the subjects' behavior26
1253850087TestsResearch method in which the researcher deliberately presents, problems, tasks, or situations in which the subject responds27
1253865636Gilda MorelliResearcher who spent many months living with the Efe people she was studying so that she could perform a naturalistic observation on them28
1253865637Descriptive statisticsStatistics used to summarize sets of data29
1253865638Inferential statisticsStatistics used to help researchers decide how confident they can be in judging that the results observed are not by chance30
1253865639MeanThe arithmetic average, determined by adding the scores, then dividing the results by the number of scores31
1253865640MedianThe center score of a set of data, determined by ranking the scores from lowest to highest and finding the middle score32
1253889352VariabilityThe degree to which the numbers in a set differ from one another and from their mean33
1253889353Standard deviationA computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score34
1253889354Correlation coefficientA statistic that describes the strength and direction of a relationship when both variables are measured numerically; produces a result between +1.00 to -1.00; the sign (+ or -) indicates the direction of the correlation (positive or negative) while the absolute value indicates the strength of the correlation35
1253889355Positive correlationCorrelation in which an increase in one variable coincides with a tendency in the other to increase as well36
1253889356Negative correlationCorrelation in which a an increase in one variable coincides with a tendency in the other to decrease37
1253901696Level of significance (p)The probability that a difference as great or greater than that observed would occur by chance if, in a larger population, there were no difference between the two means38
1253901697Statistically significantLabel given to results if the p-value is found to be less than 0.05 (5%)39
1290272986ErrorRandom variability in results40
1290272987BiasNonrandom (directed) effects caused by some factor or factors extraneous to the research hypothesis41
1290272988Biased sampleSample of two groups who are systematically different from each other, or are different from the larger population that the researcher is interested in42
1290272989Face validityAn experiment has this if common sense tells us that a measurement procedure assesses the intended characteristic43
1290272990Observer-expectancy effectsBiases resulting from a researchers' wishes and expectations that can affect how they behave and what they observe44
1290343423AutismA congenital disorder of development, characterized by a deficit in the ability to form emotional bonds and to communicate with other people45
1290343424BlindA term in an experiment that means "uninformed"46
1290343425Subject-expectancy effectsExpectations of the subject that may affect the results of an experiment47
1290343426Double-blind experimentAn experiment in which both the observer and the subjects are kept blind48
1290343427PlaceboAn inactive substance that looks like the real drug49
1290343428Ethical considerations1. A person's right to privacy 2. The possibility of discomfort or harm 3. The use of deception50

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