Exam 1
Terms : Hide Images
| 1253821514 | Fundamental belief | logically supports other beliefs and the more beliefs it supports the more fundamental it is. ex. Belief or disbelief in God... might support a host of other beliefs about morality including heaven, hell, freewill, science, evolution, prayer, miracles, and more. | |
| 1253821515 | Practical benefits of Philosophy | gives us the intellectual wherewithal to improve our lives by improving our PHIL of life. | |
| 1253821516 | Faulty philosophy of life | one that compromises a great many false fundamental beliefs- can lead to a misspent life | |
| 1253821517 | Theoretical benefits of philosophy | understanding for it's own sake We want to know how the world works- what the truth hides- just for the sake of knowing | |
| 1253821518 | 4 main divisions of philosophy | Metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic | |
| 1253821519 | metaphysics | (used with a sing. verb) Philosophy The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value. | |
| 1253821520 | axiology | An area of philosophy that deals with the nature of values. Includes questions such as "What is good?" and "What is Value?". questions about values and goodness are central. This study of values is divided into ethics (moral values and conduct) and aesthetics (values in the realm of beauty and art). Ethics deals with such questions as "What is the good life?" and "How should we behave?" One major question to be examined is "When does the end justify any means of achieving it?" | |
| 1253821521 | Logic | the study of correct reasoning: What are the rules for drawing correct inferences? does logic describe how the world is - or just how our minds work? | |
| 1253821522 | "The unexamined life is not worth living" | Socrates | |
| 1253821523 | Why is the unexamined life not worth living? | life is a tragedy- results in grievous harm for the soul. | |
| 1253821524 | How is the soul harmed? | by lack of knowledge.. ignorance of oneself and most important values in life | |
| 1253821525 | Socratic method | question and answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth | |
| 1253821526 | Reductio ad absurdum | an argument form in which a set of statements to be proved is false, is assumed, and absurd or false statements are deduced from the set as a whole, showing that the original statement must be false. | |
| 1253821527 | Basic concepts of logic | argument, premise, conclusion | |
| 1253821528 | Argument | provides us with reason | |
| 1253821529 | Premise | A proposition or ASSUMPTION that supports a conclusion. | |
| 1253821530 | conclusion | statement being supported by premises | |
| 1253821531 | inductive argument (probabilistic support) | Argument in which the premises (reasons, claims) are used to support the conclusion (thesis) in such a way that if they are assumed true, then the conclusion is probably true. | |
| 1253821532 | deductive argument (conclusive support) | intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions that if the premise is true then the conclusion absolutely must be true. | |
| 1253821533 | Deductive logic | The part of logic that concerns tests for validity and invalidity. | |
| 1253821534 | validity | impossible for premises to be true and the conclusion false | |
| 1253821535 | soundness | valid and all true premises | |
| 1253821536 | strong | inductive arguments that succeed in lending probably support to conclusions | |
| 1253821537 | weak | fail to provide probably support to conclusions | |
| 1253821538 | fallacy | a common but bad argument | |
| 1253821539 | straw man fallacy | the misrepresentation of a person's views so he or she can be more easily attacked or dismissed | |
| 1253821540 | appeal to the person fallacy | a fallacy in which one attempts to refute an argument by attacking irrelevant characteristics about the person supporting it | |
| 1253821541 | appeal to popularity | extremely common. it argues that a claim must be true not because it is backed by good reasons, but simply because many people believe it. | |
| 1253821542 | genetic fallacy | fallacy of arguing that a statement can be judged true or false based on its source. | |
| 1253821543 | equivocation | fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument. | |
| 1253821544 | appeal to ignorance | aruging that either 1. a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false, or 2. a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true. | |
| 1253821545 | false dilemma | fallacy of arguing erroneously that since there are only two alternatives to chose from and one of them is unacceptable, the other one must be true. | |
| 1253821546 | begging the question | trying to probe a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support. "X is true because X is true" | |
| 1253821547 | slippery slope | the fallacy of arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome. | |
| 1253821548 | composition | the fallacy of arguing erroneously that what can be said of the parts can also be said of the whole. | |
| 1253821549 | division | the fallacy of arguing erroneously that what can be said about the whole can be said of the parts. | |
| 1253821550 | what kind of being is God? | All-knowing All-good All-powerful being | |
| 1253821551 | Causes of one's belief in God | Cosmological argument, telelogical arguments, ontological arguments, argument from religious experience, argument from evil | |
| 1253821552 | Basic theme of cosmological arguments | try to show that from the fact that the universe exists, god exists | |
| 1253821553 | Aquina's second way (first cause argument) | some things in the universe are moving ( changing ) and if they are moving, something else must have caused them to move. This "something else" must also have been moving, set in motion by yet another thing that was moving, and this set in motion by another moving thing and so on. and all of these things moving other things cannot go on forever, to infinity, because then there would not be something that started moving at all. there must be an initial mover ( a "first mover" that started the universe moving but is not itself moved by anything else- and this being God. |
