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Photosynthesis and cellular respiration highlights

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299257364Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy through a series of reactions known asbiochemical pathways.
299257365Almost all life depends on...photosynthesis.
299257366Autotrophs use photosynthesis to make organic compounds fromcarbon dioxide and water
299257367Heterotrophs cannot make their ownorganic compounds from inorganic compounds.
299257368Heterotrophs depend onautotrophs
299257369What is the beginning of the light reactions of photosynthesis?The absorption of light by chlorophyll a and accessory pigments in the thylakoids.
299257370In the light reactions, excited electrons that leave chlorophyll a travel along......two electron transport chains.
299257371In the light reactions, the excited electrons leave chlorophyll a and travel along two electron transport chains, resulting the the production of......NADPH.
299257372In the light reactions, the electrons are replaced when water is split into electrons, protons, and oxygen in the......thylakoid.
299257373What is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis?Oxygen
299257374(In the light reactions) As electrons travel along the electron transport chains, protons move into the thylakoid and build up a......concentration gradient.
299257375(In the light reactions) The movement of protons down the concentration gradient of protons and through ATP synthase results in the......synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis.
299257376What drives the second stage of photosynthesis (the Calvin cycle)?The ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions
299257377In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds, a process called......carbon fixation.
299257378The Calvin cycle produces a compound calledG3P.
299257379What are most G3P molecules converted into to keep the Calvin cycle operating?RuBP
299257380Some G3P molecules are used to make other organic compounds, including:amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.
299257381What do we call plants that fix carbon using only the Calvin cycle?C3 plants
299257382Plants that evolved in hot, dry climates fix carbon through what alternative pathways?the C4 and CAM pathways
299257383Plants that use the C4 and CAM pathways to fix carbon carry out carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle either......in different cells or at different times.
299257384What are the two stages of photosynthesis?The light reactions The Calvin cycle
299257385What happens in the light reactions stage of photosynthesis?Energy is absorbed from sunlight and converted into chemical energy.
299257386What happens during the Calvin cycle (stage of photosynthesis)?Carbon dioxide and chemical energy are used to form organic compounds.
299257387The rate of photosynthesis increases as then reaches a plateau as......light intensity of CO2 increases.
299257388Below a certain temperature, the rate of photosynthesis increases as......temperature increases.
299257389Above a certain temperature, the rate of photosynthesis decreases as......temperature increases.
299257390What is cellular respiration?The process by which cells break down organic compounds to produce ATP.
299257391What is the first stage of cellular respiration?Glycolysis
299257392Where does glycolysis take place?In the cytosol of cells
299257393What happens during glocolysis?One glucose molecule is oxidized to form two pyruvic acid molecules.
299257394What is the result of glycolysis?A net production of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules.
299257395If oxygen is not present, glycolysis may lead to anaerobic pathways. What happens in the anaerobic pathways?Pyruvic acid is converted into other organic molecules in the cytosol.
299257396Glycolysis combines with anaerobic pathways is called......fermentation.
299257397What does fermentation do?It regenerates NAD+, but it DOES NOT produced ATP.
299257398What does NAD+ do?It helps keep glycolysis operating.
299257399What happens during lactic acid fermentation?An enzyme converts pyruvic aside into lactic acid.
299257400In alcoholic fermentation, other enzymes convert pyretic acid into...ethyl alcohol and CO2.
299257401Through glycolysis, what percent of the energy available from the oxidation of glucose is captured as ATP?Only about 2 percent.
299257402In eukaryotic cells, where do the process of aerobic respiration occur?Inside the mitochondria.
299257403Where does the Krebs cycle occur?In the mitochondrial matrix
299257404Where is the electron transport chain?It is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane.
299257405What happens in the mitochondrial matrix during aerobic respiration?Pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is converted into acetyl CoA.
299257406In aerobic respiration, what happens after the pyruvic aside is converted into acetyl CoA?Then, acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
299257407What does each turn of the Krebs cycle generate?Three NADH One FADH2 One ATP Two CO2 molecules
299257408What do the NADH and FADH2 do in aerobic respiration?They donate electrons to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (These electrons are passed from molecule to molecule in the transport chain).
299257409In aerobic respiration, what happens as electrons pass along the electron transport chain?Protons donated by NADH and FADH2 are pumped into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
299257410In aerobic respiration, what does the pumping of protons between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes create?A concentration gradient of protons and a charge gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
299257411In aerobic respiration, what happens as protons move through ATP synthase, down their concentration and charge gradients and back into the mitochondrial matrix?ATP is produced.
299257412During aerobic respiration, oxygen accepts both protons and electrons from the electron transport chain. What happens as a result of this?Oxygen is converted to water.
299257413About how many ATP molecules can cellular respiration produced from the oxidation of the single molecule of glucose?Up to 38 ATP molecules
299257414About what percent of the energy released by the oxidation of glucose can be transferred to ATP?Up to 39% percent
299257415Most eukaryotic cells produce about how many ATP molecules per molecule of glucose?About 36 ATP molecules
299257416What processes does cellular respiration use to obtain energy from organic compounds?The processes of glycolysis and aerobic respiration
299710084Name 3 life processes that use energy.photosynthesis, anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration
299710085What are heterotrophs?Consumers
299710086What is the ultimate energy for all life on earth?The sun
299710087What is photosynthesis?When plants use sunlight and water to make O2 and glucose
299710088Where are grana found in a chloroplast?Stroma
299710089What is a biochemical pathway?Reactions leading to the synthesis of a molecule
299710090Solar energy is converted into what type of energy in photosynthesis?chemical
299710091What is the function of chlorophyll?It traps the sunlight so it can be used for photosynthesis.
299710092Name 3 things that can happen to light that strikes an object.Absorb, reflect, or transmit
299710093Explain why chlorophyll looks green.It reflects green light.
299710094What happens to a chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light energy?Some of the electrons move to a higher level.
299710095What happens to the energized electrons of chlorophyll?They travel to the reaction center.
299710096What is the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis?Water
299710097What two products of the light reactions provide energy for the Calvin cycle?NADPH and ATP
299710098Can the Calvin cycle take place if light is present?Yes
299710099Can the Calvin cycle take place if light is absent?Yes
299710100What atmospheric gas is a byproduct of photosynthesis?Oxygen
299710101When during photosynthesis is glucose made?Step 2 in the Calvin cycle
299710102What are the two energy sources for the Calvin Cycle?ATP, carried by NADPH
299710103Where does the carbon in organic molecules come from?The air
299710104Heterotrophs dependent in directly on photosynthesis for......energy.
299710105When food is broken down, energy is TEMPORARILY stored in what molecule?Glucose bonds
299710106All organisms use what as their energy molecule?Glucose
299710107Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is used during what?Cellular respiration
299710108What is the effect of lactic acid on muscles?It can cause cramps.
299710109When do muscles form lactic acid?When oxygen is absent.
299710110Glucose is split during what process?Glycolysis
299710111Two molecules of what form from the splitting of glucose?CO2 and H2O and pyruvate
299710112How much ATP is made from the initial splitting of glucose in the cytoplasm?2 ATP
299710113What is the anaerobic respiration of carbohydrates called?Fermentation
299710114Name the 2 main stages in cellular respiration.Glycolysis and aerobic respiration
299710115This type of respiration only occurs in the present of oxygen.Aerobic respiration
299710116NADPH is formed during what process?Photosynthesis
299710117NADH is formed during what process?Glycolysis and electron transport chain
299710118The Krebs cycle occurs in what process?Aerobic respiration
299710119The Calvin cycle occurs in what process?Photosynthesis
299710120Water is the end product of what process?Electron transport chain
299710121At the end of the ETC, what gas is added to form water?Oxygen and hydrogen
299710122In cellular respiration, the most ATP is generated during the......aerobic respiration (electron transport chain)
299710123What 2 energy carriers enter the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?ATP and NADH
299827215What must be present for photosynthesis to take place?Light, chlorophyll, and enzymes
299827216Plants are not actually food producers. They are......energy converters.
299827217What happens during photosynthesis?Light is converted into chemical energy, which is stored in the glucose molecule.
299827218What happens during cellular respiration?The energy stored in glucose is released, and the cell produces the energy molecule known as ATP.
299827219Which wavelength of light is the best for photosynthesis?Red
299827220The formation of glucose during photosynthesis takes place in 2 major steps known as:The light and dark reactions
299827221Each of the light and dark reactions requires......enzymes.
299827222The series of reactions called Light Reactions begins the process of......photosynthesis.
299827223Light energy trapped by chlorophyll is used to.....split water molecules (photolysis).
299827224When water is split, what are produced/Oxygen and hydrogen
299827225In the light reactions, hydrogen atoms combine with molecules of the coenzyme NADP to form......NADPH + H+ (which is needed in the dark reactions).
299827226What does a coenzyme do?It transfers hydrogen and electrons from one reaction to another.
299827227The hydrogen atom has......a proton and an electron.
299827228Movement of electrons is known as......the electron transport system.
299827229Light is needed in photosynthesis to......split water.
299827230The Calvin cycle begins when 3 carbon dioxide molecules combine with 3 molecules of a 5-carbon compound (RDP), resulting in:three 6-carbon compound molecules that are unstable and break to form six 3-carbon compound molecules called PGA.
299827231In the Dark Reactions, hydrogen from the light reactions combines with PGA to form six new 3-carbon compounds called......PGAL.
299827232Each turn around the Calvin cycle can spin off a PGAL to eventually form......glucose.
299827233In the Dark reactions, three carbon dioxide molecules enter at the start of the cycle to be following by......an additional three molecules of carbon dioxide.
299827234An easy way to understand the Calvin cycle is to......follow the number of carbon atoms around the cycle.
299827235The true end produce of photosynthesisPGAL
299827236Molecules of PGAL can combine and reorganize to form additional RDP molecules, or two PGAL molecules can combine to form......glucose.
299827237PGAL can also be used to produce......proteins and lipids.
299827238In photosynthesis, the coenzyme NADP transfers hydrogen and electrons from......light to dark reactions.
299827239Cellular respiration is the process by which a cell......converts food to energy.
299827240The energy molecule produced by a cell is called....ATP.
299827241The greater the number of ATP molecules in a cell......the greater the available energy.
299827242ATP can be build from.......ADP.
299827243The breakdown of glucose during cell respiration requires two series of reactions, known as......anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
299827244Both anaerobic and aerobic respiration need......enzymes (without which they cannot take place).
299827245Anaerobic respiration does not require......oxygen.
299827246Aerobic respiration does require......oxygen.
299827247Where does the process of cell respiration begin?In the cytoplasm (outside the mitochondria)
299827248In anaerobic respiration, 2 molecules of ATP are used to break glucose (glycolysis) into 2 3-carbon compounds called......PGAL.
299827249To break a molecules, this must be used.Energy.
299827250In anaerobic respiration, each PGAL molecule lose 2 hydrogen atoms to become......pyruvate.
299827251In anaerobic respiration, how many molecules of ATP are produced by each pyruvate?2 molecules of ATP are produced for each pyruvate (for a total of 4 ATP molecules).
299827252During anaerobic respiration, how many ATP are gained?2 ATP are gained (4 ATP produced minus the 2 ATP used to break glucose).
299827253In anaerobic respiration, the hydrogen atoms lost by PGAL combine with molecules of the coenzyme NAD to form......NADH + H+ where they are needed for aerobic respiration).
299827254What is fermentation?A form of ANAEROBIC respiration performed by yeast cells.
299827255What happens in fermentation?Glucose is broken down to form 2 pyruvate molecules, each of which is further broken down into the alcohol ethanol.
299827256How is fermentation important in industry?The brewing industry uses ethanol for a variety of alcoholic beverages, and the baking industry uses CO2 to make dough rise.
299827257Where does aerobic respiration take place?Inside the mitochondria
299827258What is the series of cyclic reactions in aerobic respiration often called?The Krebs cycle
299827259In the Krebs cycle (aerobic respiration), each pyruvate loses a carbon atom to form......carbon dioxide and acetate (a 2-carbon compound) that combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA.
299827260When does the Krebs cycle begin?When acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound to form citrate.
299827261As a result of going around the Krebs cycle twice (once for each acetyl CoA) and the accompanying electron transport system, how many ATP are produced?34 ATP are produced.
299827262In aerobic respiration, the hydrogen atoms from anaerobic respiration combine with oxygen, the final hydrogen acceptor to form......water.
299827263In aerobic respiration, if oxygen is not available, pyruvate form......lactic acid (takes place in muscles and is reversible when oxygen becomes available).
299827264In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce......energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
299827265In photosynthesis, glucose and oxygen are produced using......light energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
299827266Why are 2 molecules of ATP needed to start the process of anaerobic respiration?To break the glucose molecule and start the process of anaerobic respiration.
299827267What is fermentation?A form of anaerobic respiration performed by yeast. Glucose is broken down to yield ethanol, carbon dioxide, and ATP.
299827268How can a yeast call survive with only a gain of 2 ATP from a anaerobic respiration?Yeast cells are small microscopic organisms and do not require more than 2 ATP. Humans are large organisms and require the additional ATP that can be released from pyruvate by the addition of oxygen during aerobic respiration.
299827269How much ATP is gained during anaerobic respiration?2 ATP are gained during anaerobic respiration. (2 ATP are used to break glucose into pyruvate, producing 4 ATP).
299827270How much ATP is gained during aerobic respiration?34 ATP are gained during aerobic respiration. (2 ATP from Krebs cycle and 32 ATP from the electron transport system).
299827271Which process is more efficient, anaerobic or aerobic respiration?Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration produces a gain of only 2 ATP. Aerobic respiration produces a gain of 34 ATP by completely breaking down pyruvate. If the ATP gained by the two processes is added, the total gain is 36 ATP for all cellular respiration.
299827272What are the end products of respiration?6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP.
299827273How is cellular respiration different from photosynthesis?In cellular respirtion, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water to release the energy )ATP) that is stored in this molecule during its formation by photosynthesis. Cellular respiration takes place at and in the mitochondria in 2 steps, called anaerobic and aerobic respiration. All organisms perform respiration all the time. Photosynthesis takes place in green plants and green algae but only during light hours. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to be converted into glucose in 2 series of reactions called the light and dark reactions.
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