Photosynthesis-Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 10
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| 527202391 | bundle sheath cell | in C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of A leaf. | |
| 527202392 | C3 plant | A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. | |
| 527202393 | Calvin cycle | The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. | |
| 527202394 | carbon fixation | the incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds, such as in photosynthesis | |
| 527202395 | Carotenoid | An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, they broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis. | |
| 527202396 | chlorophyll a | A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. | |
| 527202397 | chlorophyll b | An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a. | |
| 527202398 | cyclic electron flow | A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2. | |
| 527202399 | glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) | A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis. | |
| 527202400 | light reactions | The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process. | |
| 527202401 | PEP carboxylase | An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in C4 plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis. | |
| 527202402 | Photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis. | |
| 527202403 | Photorespiration | A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. This process generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide. | |
| 527202404 | photosystem I (PS I) | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. NADPH producing | |
| 527202405 | photosystem II (PS II) | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. | |
| 527202406 | RubisCO | The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP). | |
| 527202407 | Stomata | A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant., the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move | |
| 527202408 | Stroma | Within the chloroplast, the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. | |
| 527202409 | thylakoid | A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. They exist in an interconnected system in the chloroplast and contain the molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. | |
| 527202410 | light E is converted into chemical E, water molecules are split , E and e- are stored in ATP and NADPH | what are the 3 main characteristics of light dependent reactions? | |
| 527202411 | ATP and NADH | what are 2 output (products) in light dependent reactions? | |
| 527202412 | grana | what is a stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast? | |
| 527202413 | antenna pigments | what are all other pigments in photosystem that capture photon energy and funnel it to reaction center | |
| 527202414 | mesophyll cell | In C4 plants, a type of loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface. | |
| 527202415 | sugar | chemical product of Calvin cycle | |
| 527202416 | oxygen and sugar | final chemical products of photosynthesis | |
| 527202417 | carbon dioxide and water | chemical reactants of photosynthesis | |
| 527202418 | ATP and NADPH | high energy products made by the light reactions and used in the Calvin cycle | |
| 527202419 | ADP & P & NADP+ | low energy products made by the Calvin cycle and made back into high energy products in the light reactions | |
| 527202420 | ATP synthase | protein on thylakoid membrane that makes ATP when hydrogen ions pass through it from thylakoid space to stroma | |
| 527202421 | ribulose bisphosphate | molecule that grabs and fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle | |
| 527202422 | G3P | molecule that is made in the Calvin cycle; glucose is formed when two of these molecules combine | |
| 527202423 | starch | what is made when excess sugar is made in the Calvin cycle | |
| 527202424 | Light | Combines with H2O and Mn Center in PSII, releases O2 and H+ and excites electrons | |
| 527202425 | Pheophytin | A chlorophyll with 2H+ at the center, that PSII passes electrons to fixed plastoquinone pool then to exchangeable plastoquinone pool, and converted to plastoquinol (QH2) | |
| 527202426 | Cytochrome bf complex | (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase) accepts electrons from plastoquinol and transfers them to Plastocyanin, contains Fe-S complex | |
| 527202427 | Plastocyanin | transfers electrons from Cytochrome bf to PS1 | |
| 527202428 | PSI | light excites electrons which are then transfered to Chlorophyll a, quinone, 4Fe-S complex then Ferrodoxin | |
| 527202429 | Ferrodoxin Reductase | reduces ferrodoxin, creating NADPH | |
| 527202430 | C4 fixation | used by plants with limited resources, CO2 goes to bundle sheath cells allowing it not to have to compete with O2 for fixation by RubisCO (grasses) | |
| 527202431 | CAM fixation | These plants fix CO2 during the night, storing it as the four-carbon acid malate. The CO2 is released during the day, where it is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. stomata remain shut during the day, reducing evapotranspiration common in plants adapted to arid conditions.(pineapple) | |
| 527202432 | linear electron flow | Primary Pathway: involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy | |
| 527202433 | primary electron acceptor | in chloroplasts, an acceptor of electrons lost from chlorophyll a; found in the thylakoid membrane | |
| 527202434 | light-harvesting complex | A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem. | |
| 527202435 | reaction center complex | A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. | |
| 527202436 | action spectrum | Shows the rate of photosynthesis vs. wavelength. | |
| 527202437 | absorption spectrum | The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light | |
| 527202438 | visible light | That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. | |
| 527202439 | photons | light particles | |
| 527202440 | spectrophotometer | An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution. | |
| 527202441 | electromagnetic spectrum | arrangement of electromagnetic radiation--including radio waves, visible light from the Sun, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, and microwaves--according to their wavelengths | |
| 527202442 | wavelength | the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next | |
| 527202443 | photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | |
| 527202444 | autotrophs | organisms that make their own food | |
| 527202445 | heterotrophs | organisms that cannot make their own food | |
| 527202446 | photoautotrophs | photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that harness light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 |
