Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
Vocabulary: photosynthesis, autotroph, heterotroph, chlorophyll, mesophyll, stroma, thylakoid, light reactions, Calvin cycle, NADP+, photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength, photons, spectrophotometer, absorption spectrum, action spectrum, carotenoids, photosytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex, primary electron acceptor, linear electron flow, cyclic electron flow, photorespiration, bundle-sheath cells, C3 plants, C4 plants, CAM plants
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
3. Define photosynthesis and write the general chemical equation for photosynthesis.
4. State which organisms undergo photosynthesis.
5. Distinguish between the site of photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
6. Describe the structure of the chloroplast in eukaryotic cells and describe where in the chloroplast the photosynthetic pigments are located.
7. Distinguish between radiant energy and chemical energy and relate both to the process of photosynthesis.
8. Distinguish between the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible spectrum, and an absorption spectrum.
9. State which colors of the visible spectrum are absorbed by chlorophylls and which color is reflected.
10. State which chlorophyll is required for the process of photosynthesis and is therefore found in all photosynthetic organisms.
11. State which chlorophylls are found in all plants and which other photosynthetic pigments are commonly found in plants.
12. Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and describe the relationship between the two sets of reactions.
13. Relating to the light-dependent reactions (light reactions) of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants):
a. State the membrane and the two fluid areas in the chloroplast where the light reactions occur.
b. State and distinguish between the two different energy-storing molecules that are produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis.
c. Describe a photosystem, state the two photosystems involved in the linear (noncyclic) photophosphorylation process, and state the reaction center chlorophylls in each photosystem.
d. Explain how light energy causes the reaction center chlorophyll in a photosystem to
release an electron to a primary electron acceptor.
e. Explain why chlorophyll a is considered the main photosynthetic pigment in plants and
chlorophyll b and other pigments are considered accessory.
f. Describe where the electron given off by photosystem I goes and where the electron
given off by photosystem II goes.
g. Relate the redox reactions of an electron transport chain to the active transport of
hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane.
h. Relate the active transport of H+ ions across a membrane to the formation of an
electrochemical gradient.
i. Relate facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase protein channel to the
making of ATP.
j. State the source of a replacement electron for the one given off by the reaction center
chlorophyll P680 and the source of a replacement electron for the one given off by the
reaction center chlorophyll P700.
14. Relating to the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells (e.g. plants):
a. State the site of the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast.
b. State the energy-storing molecules which were produced by the light reactions and which
are used as an energy source for the Calvin cycle.
c. Show the steps of the Calvin cycle, including the major molecules involved, and explain
why the Calvin cycle is considered a cycle.
d. State the 3-carbon product of the Calvin cycle and relate it to the production of glucose.
15. Describe the major functions of glucose in photosynthetic organisms.
16. Explain the role in photosynthesis of stomata in plant leaves.
17. Distinguish the major differences between C3, C4, and CAM plants.
Terms : Hide Images
| 11493110948 | self sustaining or self nourishing | autotrophic | 0 | |
| 11493110949 | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. | chloroplasts | 1 | |
| 11493110950 | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. | thylakoids |  | 2 |
| 11493110951 | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. | photosynthesis | 3 | |
| 11493110952 | sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms | autotrophs | 4 | |
| 11493110953 | An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them. | heterotrophs | 5 | |
| 11493110954 | Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants, mesophyll cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis. | mesophyll | 6 | |
| 11493110955 | CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through these microscopic pores | stomata | 7 | |
| 11493110956 | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. | stroma | 8 | |
| 11493110957 | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. | chlorophyll | 9 | |
| 11493110958 | The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process. | light reactions | 10 | |
| 11493110959 | The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. | calvin cycle | 11 | |
| 11493110960 | NADP | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. | 12 | |
| 11493110961 | Photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis. | 13 | |
| 11493110962 | Carbon Fixation | The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote). | 14 | |
| 11493110963 | 10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH | ... | 15 | |
| 11493110964 | Wavelength | The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum. | 16 | |
| 11493110965 | Electromagnetic Spectrum | The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer. | 17 | |
| 11493110966 | Visible light | That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. | 18 | |
| 11493110967 | Photons | A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle. | 19 | |
| 11493110968 | Spectrophotometer | measures a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths | 20 | |
| 11493110969 | Absorption spectrum | a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength | 21 | |
| 11493110970 | Chlorophyll a | A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. | 22 | |
| 11493110971 | Chlorophyll b | An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a. | 23 | |
| 11493110972 | Carotenoids | An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis. | 24 | |
| 11493110973 | Describe a chlorophyll molecule | ... |  | 25 |
| 11493110974 | Photosystem | A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths. | 26 | |
| 11493110975 | Reaction-center complex | A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain. | 27 | |
| 11493110976 | Light harvesting complex | A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem. | 28 | |
| 11493110977 | Primary electron acceptor | In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them. | 29 | |
| 11493110978 | Photosystem II | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. | 30 | |
| 11493110979 | Photosystem I | A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. | 31 | |
| 11493110980 | Cyclic electron flow | A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2. | 32 | |
| 11493110981 | 10.3 The Calvin Cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar | ... |  | 33 |
| 11493110982 | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) | A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis. | 34 | |
| 11493110983 | the three phases of The Calvin cycle | Carbon Fixation Energy Consumption and Redox Release of G3P; Regeneration of RuBP | 35 | |
| 11493110984 | C3 plants | A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. | 36 | |
| 11493110985 | photorespiration | A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. Photorespiration generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf increases, favoring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 by rubisco. | 37 | |
| 11493110986 | c4 | A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. | 38 | |
| 11493110987 | bundle-sheath scarf | In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf. | 39 | |
| 11493110988 | pep carboxylase | An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells of C4 plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis. | 40 | |
| 11493110989 | cam | A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed. | 41 | |
| 11493110990 | chromatography | the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures | 42 | |
| 11493110991 | Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle NADPH → O2 → CO2 NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II | H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle | 43 | |
| 11493110992 | Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. Only heterotrophs require oxygen. Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs. Only heterotrophs have mitochondria. Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the environment. | Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. | 44 | |
| 11493110993 | Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? release of oxygen regeneration of the CO2 acceptor oxidation of NADPH consumption of ATP carbon fixation | release of oxygen | 45 | |
| 11493110994 | Which process is most directly driven by light energy? creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules reduction of NADP+ molecules ATP synthesis carbon fixation in the stroma | removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules | 46 | |
| 11493110995 | The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with | ATP and NADPH. | 47 | |
| 11493110996 | How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants? | In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially. | 48 | |
| 11493110997 | In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to | oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration. | 49 | |
| 11493110998 | Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6H2O + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 | 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen. |  | 50 |
| 11493110999 | In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast Mitochondrion Ribosome Central vacuole Nucleus | Chloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. |  | 51 |
| 11493111000 | What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions? Chlorophyll A thylakoid An electron transport chain A chain of glucose molecules The Calvin cycle | An electron transport chain |  | 52 |
| 11493111001 | What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? CO2 and O2 C6H12O6 and O2 C6H12O6 and RuBP ATP and NADPH G3P and H2O | ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle. |  | 53 |
| 11493111002 | What provides electrons for the light reactions? CO2 The Calvin cycle H2O Light O2 | H2O Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Light provides the energy to excite electrons. | 54 | |
| 11493111003 | What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? Sucrose (C12H22O11) RuBP Carbon dioxide (CO2) Glucose (C6H12O6) G3P (C3H6O3) | Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide initially combines with RuBP, and RuBP is regenerated to continue the Calvin cycle. | 55 | |
| 11493111004 | What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? NADH NADPH An electron transport chain FADH2 Chlorophyll | NADPH NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle. An electron transport chain conveys electrons from one photosystem to the other within the light reactions. | 56 | |
| 11493111005 | The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________. stroma; thylakoids thylakoids; stroma inner membrane; outer membrane chloroplasts; mitochondria mitochondria; chloroplasts | thylakoids; stroma Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma. | 57 | |
| 11493111006 | Where does the Calvin Cycle take place? | The Calvin cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions carried out in the stroma. | 58 | |
| 11493111007 | Describe Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle | Three molecules of carbon dioxide are added to three molecules of a five-carbon sugar abbreviated RuBP. These molecules are then rearranged to form six molecules called 3-PGA, which have three carbons each. | 59 | |
| 11493111008 | photosynthesis (definition) | Light energy is captured and converted into the chemical energy of organic molecules. |  | 60 |
| 11493111019 | photosynthesis (equation) | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | 61 | |
| 11493111020 | autotroph | Produces organic molecules from carbon dioxide and other inorganic materials. |  | 62 |
| 11493111021 | heterotroph | Consumes organic nutrients produced by autotrophs. |  | 63 |
| 11493111022 | anabolic | What kind of a process is photosynthesis? |  | 64 |
| 11493111023 | light-dependent reactions | 1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH |  | 65 |
| 11493111024 | light-independent reactions | 2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the first step |  | 66 |
| 11493111025 | thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts | location of light-dependent reactions | 67 | |
| 11493111026 | stroma of chloroplasts | location of light-independent reactions | 68 | |
| 11493111027 | G3P | carbon product of the light-independent reactions |  | 69 |
| 11493111009 | photon | (1) quantum (discrete quantity) of electromagnetic radiation (light energy) with both wave and particle properties |  | 70 |
| 11493111028 | inverse | What is the relationship between wavelength and energy? | 71 | |
| 11493111029 | reflected, transmitted, or absorbed | When a photon strikes a substance it can be _____________________ | 72 | |
| 11493111030 | pigments | substances that can absorb, reflect, or transmit light | 73 | |
| 11493111031 | absorption spectrum | graph of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light |  | 74 |
| 11493111032 | action spectrum | graph of a plant's photosynthesis rate at different wavelengths of light |  | 75 |
| 11493111033 | violet, blue and red | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls ABSORB? | 76 | |
| 11493111034 | green and yellow | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls REFLECT? | 77 | |
| 11493111010 | carotenoids | accessory pigments in chloroplasts that broaden the spectrum of colors used in photosynthesis (absorb green/blue but reflect red/yellow/orange) |  | 78 |
| 11493111035 | mesophyll | (C) ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis |  | 79 |
| 11493111036 | chlorophyll b | pigment, green/olive, in chloroplast |  | 80 |
| 11493111037 | chlorophyll a | pigment, blue/green, in chloroplast |  | 81 |
| 11493111038 | excited state | (7) when absorbed photon energy causes electron to move away from nucleus | | 82 |
| 11493111039 | photosystems | (6) photosynthetic pigments embedded with protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane | | 83 |
| 11493111040 | parts of photosystems | (3+4) reaction-center complex and light harvesting complex | | 84 |
| 11493111011 | reaction-center complex | (4) centrally located proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor | | 85 |
| 11493111012 | light harvesting complex | (3) proteins associated with pigment molecules that capture light energy and transfers it to center of a photosystem |  | 86 |
| 11493111013 | photosystem II (PS II) | 1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll |  | 87 |
| 11493111014 | primary electron acceptor | (2) electrons from the reaction-center in thylakoid membranes are transferred to this molecule | | 88 |
| 11493111041 | water | splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII | 89 | |
| 11493111042 | O2 | released as a byproduct of splitting water | 90 | |
| 11493111015 | photosystem I (PS I) | 2nd of two light-capturing units in thylakoid membranes that replaces its electrons by those from the 1st complex and results in production of NADPH |  | 91 |
| 11493111043 | proton-motive force | created by pumping hydrogen ions from stroma to thylakoid space during electron transport chain between PS II and PS I |  | 92 |
| 11493111044 | ATP synthase | enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force |  | 93 |
| 11493111016 | Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation | other names for light independent reactions |  | 94 |
| 11493111045 | 3 steps of light independent reaction | 1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP |  | 95 |
| 11493111046 | reduction | step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P | 96 | |
| 11493111047 | carbon dioxide | molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar | 97 | |
| 11493111017 | thylakoids | (C) flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy |  | 98 |
| 11493111048 | absorbed | energy is ____________ in photosynthesis | 99 | |
| 11493111049 | released | energy is _____________ in cellular respiration | 100 | |
| 11493111050 | glucose and oxygen | reactants of cellular respiration | 101 | |
| 11493111051 | carbon dioxide and water | reactants of photosynthesis | 102 | |
| 11493111052 | glucose | source of electrons used in ETC of cellular respiration | 103 | |
| 11493111053 | intermembrane space | site of proton gradient built up in cellular respiration | 104 | |
| 11493111054 | thylakoid space | site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis | 105 | |
| 11493111055 | NAD+ and FAD | high energy electron carrier(s) before reduction in cellular respiration (after they drop off electrons at ETC) | 106 | |
| 11493111056 | NADH and FADH2 | high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle) | 107 | |
| 11493111057 | NADP+ | high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle) |  | 108 |
| 11493111058 | NADPH | high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC) |  | 109 |
| 11493111059 | ATP | energy product(s) from ETC in cellular respiration |  | 110 |
| 11493111060 | ATP and NADPH | energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis |  | 111 |
| 11493111061 | glucose, NADH and FADH2 | reactant(s) oxidized in cellular respiration | 112 | |
| 11493111062 | H2O | reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons) | 113 | |
| 11493111063 | cyclic electron flow | light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP (not NADPH) |  | 114 |
| 11493111064 | linear electron flow | light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH |  | 115 |
| 11493111065 | rubisco | enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) | 116 | |
| 11493111066 | PEP carboxylase | enzyme with great affinity for CO2 (gas) adds it to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate (4-carbon solid) prior to photosynthesis | 117 | |
| 11493111067 | stomata | pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out |  | 118 |
| 11493111068 | bundle-sheath cells | tightly packed around the veins of a leaf (site of Calvin cycle in C4 plants) |  | 119 |
| 11493111069 | photorespiration | occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars |  | 120 |
| 11493111070 | C3 plants | do not separately fix CO2 and use Rubisco in Calvin Cycle |  | 121 |
| 11493111071 | C4 plants | spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 122 |
| 11493111072 | CAM plants | temporally separate carbon fixation (day) and Calvin Cycle (night); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 123 |
| 11493111073 | oxidation | loss of electrons (or H) | 124 | |
| 11493111074 | reduction | a gain of electrons (or H) | 125 | |
| 11493111075 | redox reactions | oxidative-reduction reactions used for transfer of electrons | 126 | |
| 11493111076 | NAD+ reduced to NADH | What is reduced in pyruvate oxidation? And what is it reduced to? | 127 | |
| 11493111077 | Releases energy more efficiently (energy creation spread out over many steps so energy is always available) | Why are there so many steps in cellular respiration? | 128 | |
| 11493111078 | electron transport chain and chemiosmosis | the two steps in oxidative phosphorylation | 129 | |
| 11493111079 | electron transport chain | series of 9 molecules that transport electrons from one carrier to the next; embedded in the cristae; most of the molecules are membrane bound proteins (one is a lipid) |  | 130 |
| 11493111080 | O2 | final electron acceptor | 131 | |
| 11493111081 | 1/2 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- --> H2O | equation for electron transport chain | 132 | |
| 11493111082 | proton-motive force | created by electron transport chain pumping H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space; driving force for chemiosmosis | 133 | |
| 11493111083 | chemiosmosis | step in cellular respiration where H+ flows from intermembrane space to inner membrane through facilitated diffusion |  | 134 |
| 11493111084 | ATP synthase | protein used in chemiosmosis diffusion | | 135 |
| 11493111085 | Energy from diffusion + ADP + Pi --> ATP | equation for chemiosmosis | 136 | |
| 11493111086 | ATP | One product of the light reactions. | 137 | |
| 11493111087 | Autotrophs are the ______________ of the biosphere. | producers | 138 | |
| 11493111088 | RuBP | the molecule that reacts with CO2 during carbon fixation. | 139 | |
| 11493111089 | One product of photosynthesis | Oxygen | 140 | |
| 11493111090 | 3-fosfoglicerato | 141 |
