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Photosythesis ⭕️ Flashcards

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2634594561Photosynthesisthe process by which light energy is used to make glucose0
2634594562Who uses Photosythesis?all organisms of the plant system and algae of the Protista Kingdom1
2634594563Formula for Photosynthesis in chemical symbols6 CO2 + 12 H2O > light > C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O22
2634594564Formula for Photosynthesis in words6 carbon dioxides + 12 waters >light> makes glucose + 6 waters + 6 oxygens3
2634594565Why is this process a reduction?carbon dioxide molecules are gaining electrons from hydrogen in water4
2634594566Construction of a chloroplast1. outer membrane 2. inner membrane 3. stroma- where calvin cycle occurs 4. grana- contain layers of membrane called thylakoids where light dependent reactions take place5
2634594567What three things can happen when light hits an object?Reflection, transmission or absorption6
2634594568Does a colored organism absorb or reflect light of the same color?reflect7
2634594569Which chlorophyll participates directly in the light reactions?Chlorophyll A8
2634594570What are Chlorophyll A's accessory pigments?Chlorophyll B- green and absorbs all others, carotenoids- yellow, orange and red and are responsible for carrots, and phycobilins, red that are found in red algae9
2634594571What are the two linked function os the Light- dependent and Light- independent reactions?L.D. produce energy and protons for L.I. and L.I. makes sugar10
2634594572Where does L.D. reactions occur?In the thylakoid membranes of the grana11
2634594573What are in the thylakoid that help them do their function?hundreds of light absorption complexes called photosystems that contain chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids.12
2634594574How are large amounts of ATP formed in L.D.?Through ETC and chemiosmosis13
2634594575How does the ETC function in L.D.?1. light is absorbed 2. electrons are energized and escape from chlorophyll into ETC 3. energized proton pumps across thylakoid membrane making proton gradient 4. potential energy stored in P.G. flows through ATP synthase and ATP is produced14
2634594576Formula for L.D. ETClight> chlorophyll> energized electrons> ETC> proton gradient> ATP synthase> ATP15
2634594577How does water help in ETC in replacing escaping excited electrons?Water is broken down inn photolysis and its components; electrons, protons and oxygen are used in making sugar16
2634594578What are waters components used in for making sugar?Electrons- replace lost by Chlorophyll in L.D Protons- pass through ATP Synthase and are carried by NADP to stroma for L.I Oxygen- released into atmosphere as waste product (source of all oxygen in our atmosphere)17
2634594579Where to the L.I happen and what does it produce?happens in the stroma and is produces sugar or PGAL18
2634594580What happens in the L.I.CO2 combines with electrons and protons carried by NADP to produce sugar19
2634594581Formula of L.I.CO2+ H(+)+ electrons >>> PGAL20
2634594582What is the incorporation of carbon dioxide into a sugar molecules called and where does it occur?It is called carbon fixation and it occurs in the Calvin Cycle21
2634594583Does the Calvin Cycle require many or little ATP?many ATP22
2634594584Facts about L.I. reactions1. they take place in the stroma of chloroplasts 2. PGAL, phosphoglyceraldehyde, a three carbon sugar C(H2O)n, is produced 3. An all- important enzyme required for the Calvin Cycle is rubisco (ribulose biphosphate)23
2634594585difference between Photosynthesis and cellular Resperation( all on photosynthesis side) 1. occurs only inn light 2. are reduction reactions 3. occurs in chloroplasts 4. relies on ETC to produce a proton gradient 5. requires CO2 and O2 is released 6. NADP is the proton carrier 7. ATP is produced in ATP synthase 8. contains a cyclical process: Calvin Cycle24
2634594586What layers of a leaf consist of chloroplasts?The palisade layer and the spongy mesophyll25
2634594587The air spaces between the spongy mesophyll allow for what?The exchange of oxygen, carbon and water vapor26
2634594588What does the epidermis do?protects the delicate under layer and allows light to pass to them27
2634594589What is cutin's function?waterproofs the leaf to minimize water loss28
2634594590what do guard cells do?control opening and closing of stomates and allow for the exchange of gases with minimum water loss29
2634594591Characteristics of a C-4 plant1. modified for dry environments 2. modified anatomy and biochemical pathways 3. minimize water loss and maximize sugar production 4. thrive in hot and sunny environments30
2634594592Examples of C-4 plantscorn, sugarcane and crabgrass31
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