Evolution of plants, Plant classifications, Plant functions
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| A layer of a durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out. | ||
| Forms between daughter nuclei of a dividing cell. The cell plate develops in the middle of phragmoplast. | ||
| Life cycle of multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid organisms. | ||
| Enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo through in growths of the plasma membrane and cell wall. | ||
| Localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots. These cells differentiate into the outer epidermis and internal tissues. | ||
| Polyester and wax polymers that help prevent excessive water loss from the above-ground plant organs. | ||
| Non vascular plants known as liverworts, hornworts and mosses. They have multicellular embryos and apical meristems but lack roots and true leaves. | ||
| Composed of Lycophytes(club mosses) and the pterophytes (ferns and their relatives). Theses are seedless plants. The seed plants are in grades called gymosperms and angiosperms. | ||
| Remain attached to their parent gametophytes. They are composed of a Seta( Conducts materials), Capsule(Sporangium) and Foot. Upper part of capsule usually features a ring of tooth like structures known as the peristome. These regulate spore dispersal depending on environmental conditions. | ||
| Conducts water and minerals from roots to leaves. Included tracheids ( tube shaped cells). These cell walls are strengthened by the phenolic polymer lignin. | ||
| Has cells arranged in tubes that distribute sugards amino acids and other molecules to the plant. | ||
| Classified as either microphylls ( small, spine shaped leaved supported by a single strand of vascular tissue) or megaphylls (leaves with a highy branched vascular system). | ||
| Species with one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore. | ||
| Species with two kinds of sporangia and preduces two kinds of spores. | ||
| A layer of sporophyte tissue that envelops and protects the megasporangium. | ||
| Megasporangium, Megaspore, integument. | ||
| Transitional species of seedless vascular plants. Tall and produced fern like leaves. | ||
| Cycads (palm-like leaves), Ginkgo(Deciduous), Gnetophyta, and Conifers(Evergreens). | ||
| Sepals(protect flower), Petals (attract pollinators), Stamens (produce pollon grains that contain male gametophytes), Anther(Where pollon is produced), Carpels( make megaspores and female gametophytes), Stigma(sticky and recieves pollon), Style(leads to ovary). | ||
| Mature ovary | ||
| Have one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous root system, pollon grain with one opening, and floral organs in multiples of three. | ||
| Two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue arranged in a ring, taproot, pollon grain with three openings, and floral organs in multiples of four or five. | ||
| Linegas of angiosperms. Water lilys, and Star Anise. Magnoliids are another lineage. | ||
| Fibrous root system that does not evolve from embryonic root. | ||
| Extensions of a root epidermal cell which increase root surface area to increase absorption. | ||
| The points at which the leaves are attached | ||
| Stem segments between nodes | ||
| Structure that can form a lateral shoot or branch. | ||
| Grows into leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes. | ||
| Plants outer protective covering. Epidermis in nonwoody plants and Periderm in woody plants. | ||
| Hairlike outgrowth of the shoot epidermis that reduce water loss, aid in protection and reflect excess light. | ||
| Known as pith(internal to the vascular tissue) known as Cortex if (external to vascular tissue). Contains specialized cells for storage, photosynthesis, and support. | ||
| Thin and flexible walls. Perform most metabolic functions. Easily differentiate.Living. | ||
| Support young parts of plant shoot. Lack secondary walls and lignin. Provide flexible support. | ||
| Non-living. Specialized for support and strengthening. | ||
| Alive. Sugars are transported through chains of cells called sieve-tube elements. Simple cells to allow nutrients to pass more easily. Have a companion cell alongside sieve tube elements to serve the cell and adjacent sieve tube element. | ||
| Growth occurs throughout the plants life. | ||
| Plant stops growing after it reaches a certain size. | ||
| Allows roots to extend through the soil and shoot to increase their exposure to light. Increase in length. | ||
| Growth in thickness. Mostly occurs in Eudicots. | ||
| Vascular cambium( adds layers of xylem and phloem) and cork cambium (replaces epidermis with thicker periderm). | ||
| Ground tissue of a leaf. It is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermal layers. Consists mainly of parenchyma cells for photosynthesis. Parasade mesophyll contains cells more compacted. Spongy Mesophylll contains cells more separated to allow for gas exchange from the stomata. | ||
| Adds layers of secondary xylem to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior. | ||
| Includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium. | ||
| Internal to vascular tissue. | ||
| Have bundle sheath cells that contain chloroplasts. | ||
| Cells that surround the xylem and phloem. Protective covering. | ||
| Stalk connection leaf to stem. | ||
| External to vascular tissue. | ||
| Lays down cork to protect stem. | ||
| Contains vascular tissues and pericycle | ||
| Layer of tissue that blocks water from leaving the root. | ||
| Young leaves that protect apical meristem at root tip. | ||
| Achors the moss onto a structure. Do not provide nutrient or water. | ||
| Hornworts(Anthocerophyta), Liverworts(Hepatophyta) abd Mosses ( Bryophyta) | ||
| In Cork cambium. It is hydrophobic and acts as lignin. | ||
| Microtubulues where the cell plates form on during plant cell division. | ||
| Layer of actively dividing tissue on outermost layer of vascular tissue that gives rise to branch roots. | ||
| Passive transport. Molecules go through channel proteins to get across membrane. | ||
| Plants with 1 leaf per node. | ||
| Many leaves per node. | ||
| 137.5 degress from previous leaf. |
