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Plants Flashcards

plants
plant body
plant transport
plant reproduction

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1076217054SporangiaMulticellular organs that produce spores1
1076217055LigninOrganic compound that strengthens the secondary cell walls of vascular plants; reinforces stems and thus helps plant stand upright.2
1076217056Apical MeristemsLocated at root and shoot tips and are responsible for primary growth3
1076217057BryophytesNon-Vascular plant that lives on the land; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts4
1076217058RootsAnchors plant; absorbs water and nutrients from soil.5
1076217059EmbryophyteAlternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.6
1076217060CuticleOuter waxy layer, prevents dessication7
1076217061RhizomeHorizontal, modified stem; Penetrates soil, anchors8
1076217062Alternation of GenerationsCycle between haploid and diploid phases; A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.9
1076217063MicrophyllsLeaves that have are narrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue; an unbranched vein10
1076217064MegaphyllsBroad leaves with a highly branched vascular system11
1076217065HomosporousReferring to plants in which a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gametophyte having both male and female sex organs.12
1076217066HeterosporousA term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female gametophytes.13
1076217067SporophyllsModified leaves that bear sporangia- a spore producing structure; Phylum Lycophyta14
1076217068Cone/StrobulusCluster of sporophylls (leaves that have sporangia-which make spores)15
1076217069GametangiaA reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant16
1076217070ArchegoniaFemale reproductive part of a nonvascular plant; produces eggs.17
1076217071AntheridiaMale reproductive part of a nonvascular plant; produces and releases sperm into the environment.18
1076217072EpiphytesPlants that live on the surface of other plants without doing harm; found in wet moist habitats19
1076217073ProtonemaIn mosses, a small, green filament of haploid cells that develops from a spore; develops into a male or female gametophyte20
1076217074PyrenoidA chloroplast that is fused to other organelles and forms one large chloroplast per cell and it manufactures and stores food. *Hornworts21
1076217075ThallusThe body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems *Liveworts22
1076217076GemmaeSmall, cup-shaped structure in liverworts that contains many haploid cells, used in asexual reproduction23
1076217077SporophyteThe spore-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations; diploid24
1076217078GametophyteThe gamete-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations; haploid25
1076217079LycophytesVascular seedless plants; club mosses -Dominated carboniferous forests as trees; moderns small herbs26
1076217080PterophytaVascular seedless plants; ferns, whisk ferns and horsetails27
1076217081NodePoint on a stem where a leaf is attached28
1076217082SorusCluster of sporangia usually on a fern frond; Pterophyta29
1076217083AnnulusEncircles or surrounds a cluster of sporangia; Pterophyta-ferns30
1076217084GymnospermsClassication of plant which produce seeds which are "naked" (unenclosed) *Vascular + seeds31
1076217085SeedsStructure forms when ovule matures after sperm fertilization through pollination.32
1076217086CotyledonA "seed leaf" which develops as a part of the seed. It provides nutrients to the developing seedling and eventually becomes the first leaf of the plant.33
1076217087Seed CoatThe protective, outer covering of a seed34
1076217088CycadophytaPalmlike gymnosperms; have cone like strobili35
1076217089StrobiliThe technical term for clusters of sporophylls known commonly as cones; contains reproductive structures36
1076217090GinkgophytaGinkgos are vascular and seed bearing with unique fan-shaped leaves. - Ginkgo biloba (gymnosperm)37
1076217091GnetophytaGymnosperm; vascular; seed bearing in cones; sporophyte dominant(Gnetum, Welwitschia, Ephedra) -Have similar 2 step fertilization like angiosperms38
1076217092ConifersGymnosperm; cone-bearing plants; most are evergreen; woody reproductive cones39
1076217093MicrosporeA haploid spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte; conifers -Haploid microspores develop into sporangia on male cones (strobili)40
1076217094MegasporeA large haploid spore from a heterosporoud plant species that develops into a female gametophyte from ovule41
1076217095AngiospermsA flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.42
1076217096PollinationThe transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants43
1076217097Monocots-Leaves in 3's -Scattered Vascular bundles -Fibrous Roots -Parallel leaf veins -1 cotyledon44
1076217098Dicots-Leaves in 4 or 5's -Vascular bundles around perimeter -Tap-root system -Scattered leaf veins -2 cotyledon45
1076217099OvaryProtects ovule; develops from carpel, turns into fruit46
1076217100Double FertilizationA mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm.47
1076217101Adaptations to life on land-Vascular system; root/shoot system; dominant diploid phase48
1076217102Evolution of Leaves1. Microphylls may have evolved as flaplike outgrowths of the main vertical lycophyte system 2.Megaphylls may have arisen from modified branches49
1076217103Life Cycle:Alternation of GenerationsSporophyte(Diploid)--meiosis-->Spores(haploid)---mitosis-->Gametophytes(haploid)--mitosis-->Gametes(Haploid)--Fertilization-->Zygote(Diploid)--mitosis->Sporophyte....etc50
1076217104Bryophytes: Liverworts,Hornworts, MossesLiverworts: Thallus, no true stomata, gemmae cups Hornworts: Pyrenoid Mosses:Protonema *Diploid phase is dominant51
1076217105Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns, Whiskferns, horsetailsFern Life cycle: Spore--->Gametophyte -->Archegonia/Antheridia--->Egg/sperm---->Fertilization--->Diploid Zygote--Mitois-->Sporophyte---->Mature Sporophyte--->Sporangium(Sorus)--Meiosis-->Spore...etc.52
1076217106Gymnosperms: Conifer life cycleMature Sporophyte (Male/Female cone)--->mega/microsporocyte-meiosis-->micro/megaspores--->pollen/eggs--->fertilization-->zygote-->seed---->seedling--->mature sporophyte...,etc53
1076217107Angiosperm adaptationsMany angiosperms have specific pollinators54
1076217108Double FertilizationMegaspoer mother cell(2n)--meiosis-->4 megaspores (n)--one lives-->mitosis-->embryo sac generative cell(haploid)--mitosis--> 2 haploid sperm--->fertilization-->zygote 2 polar nuclei + 1 sperm =endosperm 3n55
1076217109MeristemsPlant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth in height and girth/width/56
1076217110ProtoplastA biological unit consisting of cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane.57
1076217111Apical MeristemEmbryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length58
1076217112Lateral MeristemA meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.59
1076217113ParenchymaGround tissue; Mesophyll cells, allow C02 +02 to pass *photosynthesis,respiration60
1076217114SclerenchymaGround tissue;protects seed/supports plant61
1076217115CollenchymaGround tissue; Live cells;provide flexible and mechanical support62
1076217116Xylem/PhloemXylem- Transports water and dissolved minerals(tracheid/vessel members) Phloem-Transports sugars and solutes(sieve tube members/companion cells)63
1076217117Mesophyll (Palisade/Spongy)Palisade:columnar parenchymal cells that have more chloroplast and photosythetic potential Spongy: Less photosynthetic potential, under palisade mesophyll64
1076217118TrichomesHairlike projections that extend from the epidermis65
1076217119Root HairsTiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients66
1076217120PericycleThe outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate.67
1076217121Annuals/Biennials/PerennialsAnnuals-one growing season Biennial- 2 growing season Perennial-grows all year round68
1076217122NodesWhere leaves and buds are attached69
1076217123InternodesSpace between nodes70
1076217124Terminal BudAt the top of the main shoot; Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot,71
1076217125Lateral BudsIn leaf axils, produce branches72
1076217126PithSoft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants73
1076217127SteleThe usually cylindrical central vascular portion of the axis of a vascular plant74
1076217128ProtodermThe outermost primary meristem, which gives rise to the epidermis of roots and shoots.75
1076217129ProcambiumA primary meristem of roots and shoots that forms the vascular tissue.76
1076217130Ground MeristemThe part of an apical meristem that gives rise to the ground tissue in the primary root (parenchyma,sclerenachym,collenchyma)77
1076217131BladeMain part of a leaf78
1076217132PetioleStalk that connects a leaf to a plant stem79
1076217133Simple/Compound LeavesSimple: one blade Compound:Multiple Blades80
1076217134Root CapA cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem.81
1076217135Quiescent CenterA region located within the zone of cell division in plant roots, containing meristematic cells that dont divide .82
1076217136ExodermisFound in plants -regulate entry of water and ions into cortex.(outer layer of root cortex)83
1076217137EndodermisThin, selectively permeable barrier that helps control the movement of water and dissolved into the stele(inner layer of root cortex)84
1076217138PericycleThe outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate.85
1076217139Fusiform initialsGives rise to secondary xylem and phloem- that extend lengthwise throughout the stem86
1076217140Ray initialsGives rise to horizontal rays of perenchyma87
1076217141Primary GrowthType of plant growth that occurs at the tips of roots and shoots88
1076217142Secondary GrowthPattern of plant growth in which stems increase in width89
1076217143PeridermThe protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed from the cork and cork cambium.90
1076217144BarkLiving and nonliving tissue outside the vascular cambium.91
1076217145Vascular CambiumGives rise to secondary xylem and phloem92
1076217146Cork CambiumSecondary lateral meristem that produces secondary outer surface(bark)93
1076217147Annual RingAn annual formation of wood in plants as they grow94
1076217148Determinate growthA type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached.95
1076217149Indeterminate growthA type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.96
1076217150Plant tissues:Ground-parenchyma,collenchyma,sclerenchyma Vascular tissue: xylem/phloem Dermal tissue: erpidermis97
1076217151Apical MeristemProtoderm: stems epidermis Procambium: primary xylem/phloem Ground meristem: ground tissue Vascular tisue: organized into vascular bundles98
1076217152Leaf PrimordiumA cluster of meristem cells, located at the node of a stem, that develops into a leaf.99
1076217153Zone of ElongationRegion of root where newly formed cells grow and elongate100
1076217154Zone of cell divisionRegion in a growing root that consists of the root apical meristem and actively dividing cells behind it101
1076217155Zone of MaturationRegion in a root above the zone of elongation where cells dont increase in length but may differentiate further and take on specialized roles102
1076217156Root PrimordiaIn pericycle, forms lateral roots103
1076217157Lateral root formationFrom the pericycle, a cylindrical sheet of cells, one cell thick inside the endodermis104
1076217158CorkComponent of bark that has densely packed cells105
1076217159HeartwoodDry tissue that no longer transports water and solutes, but helps tree to defy gravity106
1076217160SapwoodAll of the secondary groeth in between vascular cambium and heartwood.107
1076217161Passive TransportSubstances move down a concentration gradient.108
1076217162Active TransportRequires the cell to expend energy in moving substances against a gradient, usually by hydrolysis of ATP109
1076217163Tranport proteinsFacilitate and specify doffusion, channel and carrier110
1076217164Secondary active transportActive transport is based on H+ gradient -H+ gradient maintained through ATP use -H+ diffusion into cell powers uptake of solutes111
1076217165SymportType of active transport, Material transported in same direction as movemoent of H+ (coupled)112
1076217166AntiportType of active transport; Material transported in opposite direction to movement of H+ -Remove excess Na+113
1076217167Bulk flow-due to pressure differences -the group movement of molecules in response to a difference in pressure between 2 locations114
1076217168Water PotentialDue to the presence of solutes and pressure115
1076217169Xylem SapDilute water movement from roots to leaves116
1076217170Pressure PotentialForce required to stop water movement117
1076217171Tonoplast MembraneThe cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cytoplasm of the cell -maintains turgor pressure118
1076217172AquaporinProteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water119
1076217173WiltingOccurs when plants lose more water than they gain (plasmolysis)120
1076217174Turgor PressureThe pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall.121
1076217175Apoplastic pathway-how water travels to root xylem Apoplast-not including cells -the route followed by water moving through plant cell walls and intercellular spaces122
1076217176Symplastic Pathway-how water travels to root xylem -Symplast-within cells -Water moves from cell to cell through the open channels of the plasmodesmata123
1076217177Plasmodesmata-Are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and enable transport and communication between them124
1076217178Transmembrane-how water travels to root xylem -water enters root cells across the cell plasma membrane125
1076217179Casparian StripIn the root endodermis, forces apoplastic water to symplast; prevents water and solutes from passing beteen cells into vascular cylinder126
1076217180TranspirationEvaporation of water from a plant, principally from the leaves127
1076217181Root Pressure-A positive pressure in roots that forces xylem sap up; reduces transpiration128
1076217182Guttation-When root pressure is strong enough to force water out of leaf openings129
1076217183Stomata-Regulate the loss of water by transpiration; open/closed by guard cells130
1076217184Guard Cells-Opens and closes the stomata to regulate water loss131
1076217185TranslocationProcess that moves sucrose & other organic compounds through phloem132
1076217186Phloem SapComposed of water and organic compounds that move through siev tubes133
1076217187SourceAny region of plant where organic substances is loaded into phloem (in)134
1076217188SinkAny region of plant where organic substance is unloaded from phloem (out)135
1076217189Pressure Flow MechanismsMoves substance by bulk flow under pressure from sources to sinks; based on water potential gradients136
1076217190Transport of minerals (Apoplast)Minerals loaded into apoplast of dead xylem in root stele137
1076217191FlowerIn angiosperms-contain the organs for sexual reproduction138
1076217192Whorls-A concentric tissue region; supported by receptacle -Flowers with all 4 whorls are called complete flowers139
1076217193CalyxWhorl 1: is made up of leflike sepals140
1076217194CorollaWhorl 2: Includes the petals141
1076217195StamenWhorl 3: In which the male gametophyte forms -Consists of a filament, and an anther; each anther contains 4 pollen sacs142
1076217196PistilWhorl 4: consists of the parts associated with the formation and fertilization of eggs. Includes carpels,ovary,ovules, style, stigma.143
1076217197CarpelFemale gametophytes form144
1076217198OvaryLower part of the carpel145
1076217199OvuleInside the ovary, often more than one; in which egg develops and fertilization takes place.146
1076217200StyleLong stalk with sticky stigma on top147
1076217201StigmaLanding platform for pollen148
1076217202Perfect FlowerBoth stamen and carpels149
1076217203Imperfect FlowerStamen OR carpel; not both150
1076217204Monoecious flowerMale flowers and female flowers on the same plant;oaks151
1076217205Dioecious plantsSome plants with only male flowers; some with only female flowers; willows152
1076217206PollinationThe transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants153
1076217207MicrosporesEach anther holds a diploid microsporocyte that undergoes meiosis to produce 4 small haploid microspores, that divide by mitosis, producing a haploid male gametophyte-a pollen grain.154
1076217208Pollen GrainA haploid male gametophyte thats is produced when the haploid microspores undergo mitosis155
1076217209Pollen TubeSlender tubular outgrown from a pollen grain that penetrates the ovule and releases male gametes156
1076217210MicropyleAt one end of the ovule there is a small opening- called the micropyle157
1076217211MegasporeA diploid megasporocyte divided by meiosis; forming 4 haploid megaspores. -1 megaspore develops into female gametophyte -embryo sac + egg cell158
1076217212Antipodal CellsThe three haploid nuclei which are formed during megasporogenesis in plants. They are all located opposite the micropyle end of an ovule, and eventually disintegrate159
1076217213Polar Nuclei2 nuclei, within the same cell, created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction; unite in the ovule to form a fusion nucleus, which gives rise to endosperm when fertilized160
1076217214SynergidsTwo short-lived cells lying close to the egg in the mature embryo sac of the ovule of flowering plants; form in conjunction with the egg cell161
1076217215Self-Incompatibilitythe ability of the plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals162
1076217216EpicotylPart of the embryo in a seed that becomes the upper part of the stem and leaves163
1076217217Hypocotylthe part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle.164
1076217218RadicleEmbryonic root165
1076217219ColeoptileProtects root/shoot apical meristem166
1076217220ColeorhizaProtects the radicle -embronic root- until it breaks out of the seed coat and enters the soil as the young plants primary root.167
1076217221PericarpFruit wall, develops from ovary wall Thick,fleshy - peach Hard,dry- hazelnut168
1076217222Simple FruitsDevelop from a single ovary; pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy and juicy or thin and dry169
1076217223Aggregate FruitsDevelop from several ovaries in a single flower; made up of many simple fruits attached to a fleshy receptacle(holds flower)170
1076217224Multiple FruitsDevelop from several ovaries in MULTIPLE flowers; individual fruits merge to make a larger structure171
1076217225Specialized FruitsHelps disperse seeds172
1076217226DormancyPrevents germination173
1076217227FragmentationCells de-differentiate and regenerate missing parts174
1076217228ApomixesAsexual reproduction; Diploid embryo develops from unfertilized egg or other cells in ovule175
1076217229MorphogenesisShapes the new root/shoot parts produced by dividing cells in meristem; shapes plant body.176

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