Evolution and Ecology Class
Terms : Hide Images
| 1323104088 | population | a group of the same species living in the same habitat (described in terms of size, dispersion, distribution, and demography) | 0 | |
| 1323104089 | Dispersion | the spatial organization of organisms in a population | 1 | |
| 1323104090 | Clumped | most common dispersion and caused by advantages of group living | 2 | |
| 1323104091 | Uniform | type of dispersion when there is equal spacing around the areas of organisms = there are interactions and conflicts between individuals | 3 | |
| 1323104092 | Random | type of dispersion where there's an absence of a strong attraction or repulsion among individuals - this is not common | 4 | |
| 1323104093 | homogeneous habitat | when resources are not clumped - random dispersion of individuals | 5 | |
| 1323104094 | geographic distribution | where and why species are in certain geographic areas | 6 | |
| 1323104095 | Demography | the study of population dynamics, factors that affect population density, and patterns of abundance | 7 | |
| 1323104096 | population density | factors into demography and is a function of 4 population characteristics = natality, mortality, immigration, emigration | 8 | |
| 1323104097 | natality | birth rate and reproductive output | 9 | |
| 1323104098 | mortality | death rate | 10 | |
| 1323104099 | immigration | moving to a population | 11 | |
| 1323104100 | emigration | leaving a population | 12 | |
| 1323104101 | model | it explains a phenomenon by predicting/making assumptions on how something in the natural world comes to be (ex = HW principle) | 13 | |
| 1323104102 | discrete population growth | type of pop. growth where species only reproduce once a year, and then die right after reproducing. there is no overlap in reproduction. usually occurs with geometric pop growth. | 14 | |
| 1323104103 | continuous population growth | type of pop. growth where there a continuous/overlapping generations. reproduction happens at random times, usually more than once a year, and species do not die right after reproducing. usually occurs with exponential pop growth. | 15 | |
| 1323104104 | lambda | the symbol repping the finite rate of increase of populations experiencing discrete population growth = growth occurring at constant set intervals. it is basically the net birth rate per individual over a discrete time period | 16 | |
| 1323104105 | "r" | the symbol repping the per capita growth rate of populations growing continuously = growth occurs constantly and reproduction overlaps with generations. basically, it is the per capita difference between birth and death rates during a fixed time period. can be called "ln*lambda". | 17 | |
| 1323104106 | logistic growth | a type of growth populations experience in which they stabilize at their carrying capacity regulations/limits | 18 | |
| 1323104107 | carrying capacity | symbolized by "K" and meaning the max. # of individuals that can be sustained in an environment thru time | 19 | |
| 1323104108 | sigmoidal growth | a type of growth that is logistic and makes the "s" curve. | 20 | |
| 1323104109 | density independent | when the number of individuals has no effect on "r" or the intrinsic growth rate (bc birth and death rates are what changes the factor). the current size does not effect the rate at which the population grows. | 21 | |
| 1323104110 | density dependent | when population growth is dependent on the populations size (ex: when pop. gets large, the growth could slow down due to reduced resources) | 22 | |
| 1323104111 | inflection point | the point on a logistic growth graph that is K/2 and represents the separating point between the accelerating and decelerating phases of pop. growth, where individuals are produced the fastest | 23 | |
| 1323104112 | density dependent factors | birth and death rates (when they change with population density), changes in B and D rates can be caused by decreased food supply, increase in waste products, increase in stress levels, increase in competitors. their effects vary with density = DENSITY DEPENDENT | 24 | |
| 1323104113 | density independent factors | pop. growth changes are independent of the pop. size due to climate, natural disaster, seasonal change, dryness, storms. organisms that are colonizers (rapidly grow with short generation time) do this and move into disturbed habitats and grow quickly then die out suddenly after reproducing. | 25 | |
| 1323104114 | metapopulation | a population of populations tied together by movement (immigration and emigration). bc other evolutionary mechanisms besides births and deaths are important in shaping populations. | 26 | |
| 1323104115 | sizes with metapopulations | when the population is smaller, its easier to wipe them all out. when population is bigger, its much harder to while them all out. | 27 | |
| 1323104116 | how metapopulations persist over time | 1. rescuing = movement of some individuals between patches can rescue some patches and keep them from join extinct 2. source- sink dynamics = larger patches can serve as sources of individuals to rescue or recolonize other patches | 28 | |
| 1323104117 | influences on long-term stability of metapopulations | patch size (small patches=high probability of extinction and lower prob. of colonization) and distance between patches (big distance=low colonization rate and isolation which will increase probability of extinction) | 29 | |
| 1323828196 | life history strategy | the significant features of the life cycle through which an organism passes with a particular reference to strategies influencing SURVIVAL and REPRODUCTION. aka the schedule of an organisms life characterized by sex and death. they are evolutionary responses to physical conditions, food supply, predators, biotic factors, etc. | 30 | |
| 1323828197 | life cycle | a series of stages that individuals go through in their lives | 31 | |
| 1323828198 | maturity | the age at first reproduction | 32 | |
| 1323828199 | parity | the number of reproductive episodes | 33 | |
| 1323828200 | fecundity | the number of offspring per reproductive episode | 34 | |
| 1323828201 | aging | the total length of life | 35 | |
| 1323828202 | lifetime reproductive success (LRS) | the measure of fitness (the genetic contribution of one generation to the next/the number of offspring made in a lifetime) | 36 | |
| 1323828203 | principle of allocation | a principle that occurs bc organisms only have so much energy to devote to maintenance, growth, and reproduction. Therefore, allocating energy to one area leaves less time/energy for another area. | 37 | |
| 1323828204 | LHS with fitness | LHS traits determine fitness, so they are subject to natural selection and evolve. so the traits that increase fitness are highly favored. | 38 | |
| 1323828205 | LHS with population dynamics | 2 populations can grow at the same rate (have the same r value) but they have to have very different absolute values of births and deaths. (at different age structures) a successful LHS should lead to a r being greater than or equal to zero showing a stable or growing population. | 39 | |
| 1323828206 | age structures | the proportions of individuals in each age class (shows that 2 pops. having identical birth and death rates with different age structures will grow at different rates) | 40 | |
| 1324741514 | life table | a classic tool for evaluating the behavior of age structured populations (you are given the basic required data) | 41 | |
| 1324741515 | cohort (horizontal) approach | a way of estimating survival that is based on data collected from a group of individuals born at the same time and followed throughout their lives (difficult to apply to long-lived/mobile mammals). this is what Darwin used for finches study and what we used at the cemetery with birth and death dates. | 42 | |
| 1324741516 | static (vertical) approach | a way of estimating survival that considers the survival of individuals of known age during a SINGLE TIME INTERVAL. it requires some means of determining the individual's age (used by Murie with life tables for Dall mountain sheep) | 43 | |
| 1324741517 | evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) | an LHS that is most successful in a population and cannot be replaced by a more successful strategy | 44 | |
| 1324741518 | semelparity | a one shot, "big bang" reproduction that occurs when species reproduce and then shortly after just die. this is occurs in environments that are VARIABLE with PREDICTABLE good years (seen by cues) and where adult survivorship is low (bc they might not live long enough to reproduce again). | 45 | |
| 1324741519 | iteroparity | multiple reproductive bouts in a lifetime (not as many offspring). Bet hedging because these species spread out their risks and have decent adult survival rates. | 46 | |
| 1324741520 | r selected | population growth that is FAST or exponential. short lifespan, short maturation time, high death rate, many offspring, one reproductive bout, reproduction early in life, small offspring, no parental care. COLONIZERS. | 47 | |
| 1324741521 | k selected | population growth that is slower and is regulated by density-dependent factors - levels off at carrying capacity. long lifespan, long maturation time, lower death rate, few offspring, many reproductive bouts, reproduction later in life, larger offspring, give parental care. COMPETITORS. | 48 | |
| 1324741522 | ruderal | population growth style that has high growth (r) rates, high offspring production. GOOD WITH DISTURBANCE, BAD WITH STRESS. | 49 | |
| 1324741523 | competitive | population growth style with rapid growth, long lived organisms, moderate offspring production, stable environment. BAD WITH STRESS AND DISTURBANCE. | 50 | |
| 1324741524 | stress-tolerant | slow growth, long lived, extensive resource storage/usage. GOOD WITH STRESS. BAD WITH DISTURBANCE. | 51 | |
| 1324741525 | Winemiller and Rose model | model of diff. population growth/LH strategies that deal with juvenile survivorship, fecundity, and age of maturity. | 52 | |
| 1324741526 | opportunistic | population growth style that matures early, low juvenile survivorship, low fecundity, exploit unpredictable environments, and have multiple reproductive bouts in hope of hitting a good year (guppies) | 53 | |
| 1324741527 | periodic | pop. growth style that matures later, has high fecundity, low juvenile survival, suited for environments with infrequent favorable conditions | 54 | |
| 1324741528 | equilibrium | pop. growth style that matures later, has low fecundity, high juvenile survivorship, and suited for stable environments | 55 | |
| 1324741529 | competition | any use or defense of a resource by 1 individual that reduces the availability of that resource to other individuals | 56 | |
| 1324741530 | intraspecific competition | competition within one species population that reduces resources in a density-dependent manner. (regulates pop. size and promotes evolutionary change/diversity) MOST INTENSE COMPETITION bc similarity of individuals = competitiveness for resources. | 57 | |
| 1324741531 | interspecific competition | competition between different species that depresses populations of both competitors (can lead to elimination of weaker species, helps us determine coexistence, and gives upper hand to more efficient/better competing species) | 58 | |
| 1324741532 | resource | any substance/factor that is consumed by an organism and that supports increased population growth as its availability in the environment increases (food, space, nesting sites, etc). | 59 | |
| 1324741533 | conditions | not resources but environmental factors such as temperature or climate (affects growth and reproduction, but is not consumed) | 60 | |
| 1324741534 | exploitative (resource) competition | when populations depress each other by using up shared resources. basically, whoever gets there first uses up all the resources and wins. INDIRECT competition. | 61 | |
| 1324741535 | interference competition | when 1 population (or both) disrupt the ability of the (each) other to exploit resource providing areas. DIRECT competition. | 62 | |
| 1324741536 | allelopathy | type of interference competition when a species releases a chemical or toxin to kill off anything surrounding them | 63 | |
| 1324741537 | territorality | type of interference competition when a species behaviorally excludes another species from a specific space via intimidation, attacks, looks, etc. costly but needed for protection. | 64 | |
| 1324741538 | preemption | type of interference competition when species get there first and take up as much as space as possible. different from exploitative (resource) competition because there can be some DIRECT competition. | 65 | |
| 1324741539 | Niche | represents the range of condition and resource qualities that an individual/species can survive on and reproduce with. they are MULTIDIMENSIONAL (many thresholds), defined by biotic and abiotic factors, and the overlap of this of 2 species can determine how strangle the 2 species might compete or coexist. | 66 | |
| 1324741540 | fundamental niche | the total range of resources that a species can use under ideal conditions | 67 | |
| 1324741541 | realized niche | the resources a species ACTUALLY uses within the community | 68 | |
| 1324741542 | competitive release | a method used when you remove a competitor and release a species of interest from their competitor to see how it responds. If the species expands, it shows that competition is regulating where the species lives and that the species has a larger fundamental niche) | 69 | |
| 1324741543 | competitive exclusion principle | a principle that states that 2 species requiring the same resources cannot coexist (can't occupy same niche) bc the superior competitor will exclude the inferior one. | 70 | |
| 1324741544 | resource partitioning | when 2 species are able to share resources and coexist within their overlapping niches because competition is reduced to a certain level due to sharing with COMPLEX NICHES (bc species use many diff resources allowing them to live within the same area) | 71 | |
| 1324741545 | allopatric | when 2 very similar species live in diff. habitats | 72 | |
| 1324741546 | sympatric | when 2 very similar species come to live together in the same habitat (either the stronger competitor can win, or the species can coexist through resource partitioning which minimizes interspecific competition, OR OVERTIME, the species can evolve in ways to reduce competition) | 73 | |
| 1324741547 | character displacement | when 2 or more allopatric species become sympatric (have very similar patterns of resource usage) will tend to evolve into more divergent species when they coexist together = evolutionary response to competition) - to find if species are just doing resource partitioning, do competitive release and see if their numbers increase when the competitor is gone | 74 | |
| 1324741548 | common garden experiment | determines what factors are most important to populations (competition or environmental factors?) and whether or not they can coexist | 75 | |
| 1324741549 | exploitation | species interactions including predation, parasitism, parasitoidism, and herbivory - they favor one species and hurt the other | 76 | |
| 1324741550 | parasitism/parasitoids | when an endoparasite (living in organism) or ectoparasite (living outside of organism) uses its host to survive. can transmit passively, actively, or directly from host to host, but can never be free living | 77 | |
| 1324741551 | herbivory | when animals eat plants - usually hurts the prey only | 78 | |
| 1324741552 | predation | when animals eat animals - usually kills prey | 79 | |
| 1324741553 | plant defenses against herbivory predation | 1. chemical (poisonous toxins to herbivores) 2. mechanical (structures to hurt them like thorns) 3. nutritional (growing structures less nutritious) 4. tolerance (being able to quickly regrow after being grazed) | 80 | |
| 1324741554 | animal defenses against predation | 1. chemical 2. physical 3. aposematism (warning colors, sounds, characteristics to warn predators that they are dangerous) 4. crypsis (camp colors and shapers and other ways of hiding) 5. mimicry (looking like other species that the predator already knows to avoid) 6. behavioral (behave in ways that minimize risk from predation) | 81 | |
| 1324741555 | predator satiation | a unique type of defense from predators where you have more of your individuals out there, so you are less likely to be killed) | 82 | |
| 1324741556 | coevolutionary arms race | evolving in response to one another (one develops a weapon, then the other develops a defense to that, causing initial one to gain another weapon, etc.) | 83 | |
| 1324741557 | red queen hypothesis | a hypothesis stating that a species can evolve fast enough to keep up with/outpace the evolution of their enemies will likely press longer than species that evolves more slowly (running to stand still) | 84 |
