Terms : Hide Images
| 11302711771 | Population | a group of individuals from the same species that are inhabiting a place/habitat at a specific time | 0 | |
| 11302724063 | Population characteristics | geographic distribution, density, and growth rate Structure (age, sex, life tables) | 1 | |
| 11302731251 | Geographic Range/distribution | the area over which individuals of a given species occur | 2 | |
| 11302737903 | Geographic distribution can be limited by: | biotic and abiotic factors habitat suitability historical factors dispersal | 3 | |
| 11302758470 | Geographic range varies by: | distribution and size | 4 | |
| 11302784017 | Metapopulations are | groups of subpopulations living in separate location but with ACTIVE EXCHANGE of individuals via dispersal | 5 | |
| 11302800362 | Dispersion | the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population Depends on location of resources, dispersal, and behavioural interactions | 6 | |
| 11302820303 | Dispersion: the spatial arrangement of individuals, can be: | Regular Random Clumped | 7 | |
| 11302823623 | Regular dispersion | individuals evenly spaced individuals avoid each other | 8 | |
| 11302826839 | random dispersion | individuals scattered randomly neutral response of individuals to each other | 9 | |
| 11302830690 | clumped dispersion | The most common pattern of dispersion; individuals aggregated in patches. mutual attraction between individuals | 10 | |
| 11302838526 | Dispersion patterns are produced by: | interactions between individuals and pops structure of the physical environment Combination of interactions and environmental structure | 11 | |
| 11302880362 | Abundance | the number of individuals of a given species inhabiting/occurring in a specific area | 12 | |
| 11302893174 | Individuals | may be counted in different ways, depending upon the goal of the study and question examined by the researcher Clones, runners, | 13 | |
| 11302905748 | Abundance can be reported as: | Size or Density | 14 | |
| 11302909258 | Density is calculated as | # individuals/unit area | 15 | |
| 11302914831 | crude density | the number of people per unit area of land (counting the total area indiscriminately) | 16 | |
| 11302919077 | ecological density | population density measured in terms of the number of individuals of the same species per unit area or volume actually used by the individuals (looking at the habitat) | 17 | |
| 11302937502 | age vs age class | used to estimate life expectancy either at specific age (day, year, etc) or age group (1-5) (x) | 18 | |
| 11302953843 | Age Specific Fecundity | M(sub x) Fertility represents the average number of offspring that are born to a female of a certain age (x) | 19 | |
| 11302963854 | (x) | Age or age class | 20 | |
| 11302967492 | M (subx) | age-specific fecundity avg # of offspring that are born to a female of a certain age | 21 | |
| 11302977611 | determinate growth | individuals stop growing after a certain age Maturity = fecundity is almost constant | 22 | |
| 11302986738 | indeterminate growth | growth continues throughout an individuals life fecundity varies with age; # offspring produced increases as age/body mass increase | 23 | |
| 11304151144 | Fecundity | reproductive output of an individual | 24 | |
| 11304163342 | Iteroparous (iteroparity) | reproduce more than once in their lifetime | 25 | |
| 11304168597 | Semelparous (semelparity) | reproduce only once then die, invest all acquired resources to a new generation | 26 | |
| 11304189719 | Age specific survival "survival probability" | l(sub x) | 27 | |
| 11304195344 | types of survivorship curves | I, II, III | 28 | |
| 11304198757 | Type I survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age | 29 | |
| 11304204285 | Type II survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span | 30 | |
| 11304211598 | Type III Survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood | 31 | |
| 11304215721 | Name the Type of Curve (l sub x) |  | 32 | |
| 11304238138 | Life tables show | Summary of the patterns of survival, mortality, and fecundity of a population Determines lifespan, survival, fecundity for specific ages | 33 | |
| 11304247104 | Key columns in Life Table | Age (x) Age-specific survival (lx) age specific fecundity (mx) | 34 | |
| 11304256681 | cohort | A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit. Nx obtained by monitoring all of the individuals from a specific time Data is assumed representative of age-specific schedules for other cohorts | 35 | |
| 11304276380 | Static Life Table | Nx values estimated from a single population at a single point in time Assume data collected are representative of age-specific schedules at other time periods Segments | 36 | |
| 11304298343 | Life tables: | summarize the structure of a population Tell you which ages contribute the most to population growth Usefuls conservation and management tools STATIC | 37 | |
| 11304308608 | Population growth models | Dynamic Change over time make projections and predict population changes in the future | 38 | |
| 11304335604 | Life Tables: x | Age classes use lowest number if a group | 39 | |
| 11304340053 | Nx | number of organisms alive per age class Nx+1= Total sample - Nx | 40 | |
| 11304343877 | lx | survivorship curve age specific survival Must be between 0-1 lx= Nx/N0 or lx=1-qx | 41 | |
| 11304361663 | dx | number of dead individuals per age class dx=Nx+1-Nx | 42 | |
| 11304366187 | qx | mortality probability (probability of dying between age classes) 1-lx | 43 | |
| 11304372983 | Lx and Tx | intermediate Lx= (lx + [lx+1])/2 Tx = SUM Lx = sum all Lx values until a certain age (from age=0 to age =x) | 44 | |
| 11304375606 | ex | life expectancy # of more years to live ex = Tx/lx | 45 | |
| 11304425056 | mx | number of newborns produced by each age class | 46 | |
| 11304425058 | R | reproductive rate of each age class R = lx*mx | 47 | |
| 11304429880 | R0 | net reproductive rate for all years together (the whole population) Assumes birth rates and death rates for each age class in a population are constant GOOD FOR pops with non-overlapping generations (discrete) Biological meaning= average # of offspring produced over the lifetime of an individual R0 = SUM lx*mx | 48 | |
| 11304433915 | G | average generation time; average age of the mothers when they give birth to their first offspring Biological meaning: mean age of reproductive individuals in a population G = SUM (lx*mx)x/R0 | 49 | |
| 11304440735 | r | intrinsic rate of natural increase r~ ln(R0)/G | 50 | |
| 11304486109 | R0>1 | population is growing exponentially over the multiple generations (enough females are being produced for population to increase) | 51 | |
| 11304492911 | R0<1 | population is decreasing exponentially (females are unable to produce enough females to replace themselves | 52 | |
| 11304498963 | R0=1 | population is maintaining its numbers | 53 | |
| 11304515753 | Use r instead of R0 in: | continuous growth | 54 | |
| 11304524137 | r calculated from R0 | R0 ~ e^rG isolate r: r~ln(r0)/G | 55 | |
| 11304542016 | r = 0 | no change in population | 56 | |
| 11304546126 | r > 0 | increase in population | 57 | |
| 11304546334 | r < 0 | decrease in population | 58 | |
| 11304565912 | random sampling | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | 59 | |
| 11304569385 | Non-random sampling | selecting your sample on the basis of convenience selected part of the population can threaten credibility | 60 | |
| 11304579657 | SystematicSampling | selecting every nth case within a defined population can offer close approximation of random sampling | 61 | |
| 11304596138 | Simple random sampling | every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample rarely used demands identification of all elements of pop and way of selecting | 62 | |
| 11304604401 | Stratified random sampling | dividing your population into various subgroups, taking a simple ransom sample within each subgroup | 63 | |
| 11304613453 | Sampling: Direct Count | aerial, plotless, plot based, quadrat | 64 | |
| 11304618872 | Sampling: Indirect Count | vocal sounds, fecal/pellet count | 65 | |
| 11304622954 | Plotless method | transects, samples taken at fixed intervals, set-up along environemntal gradient | 66 | |
| 11304627855 | Transect | measured line laid across the area in the direction of environmental gradient all species touching the line are to be recorded along the length | 67 | |
| 11304640494 | Plot methods, how to select quadrant size | primary step size and # of plots determined by nested quadrats, where you stop finding an increase in species, #s | 68 | |
| 11304653641 | MobileSampling | set traps, sampling site more than once, calculate population size or abundance using trapping data (mark recapture) | 69 | |
| 11304662513 | Lincoln-Petersen Method | Mark-recapture method Closed population: bw preliminary marking and recapture there were no changes in the population size marking doesnt affect likliness of capture sufficient time between periods to allow for random dispersal animals dont lose marks | 70 | |
| 11304682311 | Lincoln Peteresen Model Equation | M/N = m/R N=MR/m M=number of animals captured and marked in first sample N=Population size R= number of animals captures in re-sampling event n= number of "R" that were already marked that you found in your re-sampling event | 71 | |
| 11304749614 | Population growth models | mathematical descriptors or graphical representations used to predict/describe an ecological process or concept | 72 | |
| 11304760217 | Two most common models used: | Logistic and Exponential | 73 | |
| 11304773358 | Closed populations changes in abundance (N) are determined by | births (M) and deaths (D) Nt+1=Nt+(Mt - Dt) | 74 | |
| 11304794637 | open populations, changes in abundance are determined by: | births (M), deaths (D), immigration (I), and emmigration (E) N+1 = Nt + (Mt - Dt) + (It - Et) | 75 | |
| 11304809253 | Continuous-Time | changes in N occur over small intervals of time (instantaneous change) smooth line | 76 | |
| 11304815695 | Discrete (or Geometric) | changes in N occur at distinct and sometimes predictable time intervals (ex once a year) Pulsed reproductive events | 77 | |
| 11304833079 | Types of exponential growth models | Continuous Exponential growth model Discrete exponential growth model | 78 | |
| 11304837359 | Continuous Exponential Growth Model | populations show exponential growth continuous reproductive evens (individuals added to the pop without interruption) | 79 | |
| 11304845070 | Discrete Exponential Growth Model | populations show exponential growth Discrete growth, non overlapping generatiosn, individuals added in pulses | 80 | |
| 11304857437 | Continuous Exponential Growth Model Equation | Nt = N0 e^rt assume that r = r max | 81 | |
| 11304867919 | Conditions of exponential growth model | initial pop is small no resource limitations | 82 | |
| 11304991868 | Transform Nt=N0 e^rt to find r | Nt=N0 e^rt Nt/N0 = e^rt ln(Nt/N0) = ln e^rt ln(Nt/N0) = rt * 1 ln (Nt/N0) = rt [ln (Nt/N0)]/t = r | 83 | |
| 11305023005 | 2 Phases of Exponential Growth: | Lag phase Exponential Phase | 84 | |
| 11305027392 | Estimated doubling time | Tdouble = ln(2)/r | 85 | |
| 11305031534 | r determines the shape of growth how? | r = 0 NO CHANGE r>0 POP GROWING r<0 POP DECLINING | 86 | |
| 11305045434 | Calculate Discrete time exponential growth | Nt = LAMBDA^t(N0) | 87 | |
| 11305052531 | Lambda | growth rate called the finite rate of increase or multiplicative growth rate used in cases of seasonal breeding | 88 | |
| 11305185494 | Logistic Population Growth | Density Dependant Birth rates decrease at high density Death rates increase at high density adjusts r as the pop (N) increases Exponential is Density Dependant | 89 | |
| 11305216055 | Relationship of r to N in a growing population according to the logistic growth model | as N gets larger r gets smaller | 90 | |
| 11305216079 | K | carrying capacity of the environment for a given population | 91 | |
| 11305222749 | Carrying Capacity | the maximal substainable size for a population in a given environment | 92 | |
| 11305231874 | N<| can grow exponentially | 93 | | |
| 11305236680 | N approached K | the population grows more slowly until is reaches a plateau or equilibrium (M = D) (N=K) | 94 | |
| 11305253182 | Calculation for K | Nt = K/( 1+[K-N0/N0] e^-rt) | 95 | |
| 11305274592 | 4 phases of logistic growth model: | lag phase exponential phase slowing growth no growth or plateau | 96 | |
| 11305286315 | When does population growth reach its maximum with the logistic growth model? | when N = O.5K this is when growth begins to slow | 97 | |
| 11305298759 | Time Lag | temporal lag separates the time at which an increase in N occurs and that when negative effects of the increased N are felt by the population (such as increased death or decreased birth) | 98 | |
| 11305310995 | Time lag is calculated as | (wavy)t ~1/r | 99 | |
| 11305324301 | What does a fast maximum growth rate (r) suggest about response time? | fast maximum growth rate will have a higher response time and therefore a quicker recovery from limiting events | 100 | |
| 11305335472 | Trajectory Dynamics | the way a population grows in N over time (t) | 101 | |
| 11305345718 | Trajectory dynamics: ~T 0-0.37 | pop grows in accordance with logistic growth curve, reaches K and levels off | 102 | |
| 11305357161 | Trajectory dynamics: ~T o.37-1.57 | damped osscilations | 103 | |
| 11305362802 | Trajectory Dynamics: ~T >1.57 | stable limit cycles, pop continually oscillates but never remains at K | 104 |
