This will cover key terms and people from the period 1866-1920 concerning immigration, western settlement, building of the railroads, building of the cities, populist, populism, reforms, reformers, progressives etc...
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| 514047196 | Assimilation | the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another | |
| 514047197 | Dawes Act | An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism. | |
| 514047198 | Chinese Exclusion Act | Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease. | |
| 514047199 | Exodusters | the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South | |
| 514047200 | Plains Indians | Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses. | |
| 514047201 | Ghost Dance | Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee | |
| 514047202 | mining towns | bult around gold and silver mines. crowded, risky, few women and families. some became successful permanent towns. most became ghost towns | |
| 514047203 | Homestead Act | Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. | |
| 514047204 | open range | A vast area of grassland owned by the government where ranchers could graze their herds for free | |
| 514047205 | Patron's of Husbandry | a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers. | |
| 514047206 | People's party | formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads | |
| 514047207 | populisim | Tries to appeal to ordinary people by highlghting or setting up a conflict between 'the people' and 'the elite'. | |
| 514047208 | Free Silver | Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan | |
| 514047209 | Cross of Gold Speech | An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold. | |
| 514047210 | The grange | It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages. The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses | |
| 514047211 | bimetallisim | ... | |
| 514047212 | bessemer process | an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities | |
| 514047213 | electricity | A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. | |
| 514047214 | telephone | Alexander Graham Bell | |
| 514047215 | expansion of rail roads | ... | |
| 514047216 | mass production | the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques) | |
| 514047217 | assembly line | mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it | |
| 514047218 | Corporations | businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock | |
| 514047219 | horizontal integration | combining many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large corporation | |
| 514047220 | vertical integration | practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products | |
| 514047221 | monopolies | Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service. | |
| 514047222 | Robber barrons | The process of running other businesses out of business so that one's own business can prosper; includes Rockefeller and Morgan | |
| 514047223 | Captain of Industry | a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way. | |
| 514047224 | John D. Rockefeller | an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history | |
| 514047225 | J.P. Morgan | Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale | |
| 514047226 | Standard Oil | Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller | |
| 514047227 | Andrew Carnegie | Successful businessman who owned Carnagie Steel company; used vertical integration to create his monopoly | |
| 514047228 | U.S. Steel | A corporation that was established by J.P. Morgan and others. It was constructed out of the joining of many other industries to create the corporation. The Carnegie Steel Company was given by Carnegie to also create the corporation. 1st billion-dollar company largest enterprise—controlled 3/5's of the nations steel business. | |
| 514047229 | New Immigrants | immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe | |
| 514047230 | Angel Island | inspection station for immigrants arriving on the West Coast | |
| 514047231 | Ellis Island | an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States | |
| 514047232 | ghettos | city slum areas inhabited by minority groups living there due to social or economic pressures | |
| 514047233 | settlement houses | a welfare agency for needy families, combated juvenile delinquency, and assisted recent immigrants in learning the English language and in becoming citizens. Jane Addams of the Hull House Settlement in Chicago | |
| 514047234 | tenement houses | Rose seven or eight stories high, packed about 30 four room apartments on a lot only 25 by 100 feet. Between 4 and 16 families lived on a floor | |
| 514047235 | political machines | Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. | |
| 514047236 | Tammany hall | a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism | |
| 514047237 | Boss Tweed | William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. | |
| 514047238 | Sherman Anti-trust act | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions | |
| 514047239 | Clayton anti-trust act | New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions | |
| 514047240 | federal reserve act | a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply | |
| 514047241 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | |
| 514047242 | labor | productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | |
| 514047243 | Terrance Powderly | An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens and a number of fellow workers. Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883. | |
| 514047244 | Samuel Gompers | United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924) | |
| 514047245 | Eugene V. Debs | Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. | |
| 514047246 | Labor Unions | Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages. | |
| 514047247 | Knights of Labor | 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed | |
| 514047248 | Industrial workers of the world | a former international labor union and radical labor movement in the United States | |
| 514047249 | Great Rail road strike | began in Baltimore when RR cut wages by 10% which was the 2nd cut in 8 mths. Pittsburgh militia refused to help so they called in the troops from Philadelphia *president hayes got involved | |
| 514047250 | Homestead Strike | 1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike. | |
| 514047251 | strike | stop work in order to press demands | |
| 514047252 | Haymarket Strike Riot | strike in Chicago that turned violent killing 8 policemen and a number of civilians; Workers were striking for an 8 hour work day and better working conditions. | |
| 514047253 | Pullman strike | in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing | |
| 514047254 | child labor | Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories. | |
| 514047255 | triangle shirtwaist factory fire | (1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions) | |
| 514047256 | socialist party | Political parties formed in the unity of an international organization with a set beliefs inspired by the writings of Karl Marx. They desired economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income. Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalize American industries | |
| 514047257 | Florence Kelly | helped persuade to prohibit child labor and limit number of hours women were forced to work, founded national child labor committe | |
| 514047258 | Mother Jones | United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930) | |
| 514047259 | Muckrakers | This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt. | |
| 514047260 | Ida Tarbell | A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil. | |
| 514047261 | Upton Sinclair | Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen. | |
| 514047262 | The Jungle | this 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act. | |
| 514047263 | Trust Busting | government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws) | |
| 514047264 | Conservation | the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources | |
| 514047265 | municipal reforms | tried to end government corruption | |
| 514047266 | direct primary | a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office | |
| 514047267 | referendum | The name given to the political process in which the general public votes on an issue of public concern. | |
| 514047268 | recall | the act of removing an official by petition | |
| 514047269 | Pure Food and drug act | the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs | |
| 514047270 | Women's sufferage | the right for women to vote | |
| 514047271 | Alice Paul | head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking. | |
| 514047272 | Carrie Chapman Catt | Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage. | |
| 514047273 | Susan B. Anthony | social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation | |
| 514047274 | Sixteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax. | |
| 514047275 | seventeenth amendment | allowed americans to vote directly for U.S senators | |
| 514047276 | eighteenth Amendment | an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920 | |
| 514047277 | NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to work for racial equality | |
| 514047278 | W.E. B. Dubois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 | |
| 514047279 | Booker T. Washington | this moderate activist who founded the Tuskgee Institute in 1881, a black school in Alabama. He is known for gradual equality, because of his belief he was favored by Pred\sident Teddy Roosevelt and William Howard Taft and was onften consulted on the few political patronage appointements African Americans had | |
| 514047280 | Teddy Roosevelt | president 1901-1909 a natrualist, was sickly as a child and stayed inside and focused on school. he loved to be outside and challange himself.Roosevelt supposrted pure food and drug law, created the Burea of Corporations to inspect business earnings, prohibited discrimination by the rairoads, and enforced the Sherman Anti-trust Act. He changed the nation's foreign policy by making it more imperialistic and adding new lands like Hawaii. | |
| 514047281 | Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize | |
| 514047282 | Progressive Party | Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket. | |
| 514047283 | Election of 1912 | Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win |
