Abbasids, Umayyads, Byzantium, Russia, Sudanic Empire, Medieval Europe
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| 355358456 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam. | 0 | |
| 355358457 | Mansa Musa | Mostly remembered for his hajj to Mecca. He brought back with him an Arabic library, religious scholars, and the Muslim architect al-Sahili. He strengthened Islam and promoted education, trade, and commerce in Mali. He ruled for 25 years, bringing prosperity and stability to Mali and expanding the empire he inherited. Mali achieved the apex of its territorial expansion under him. | 1 | |
| 355358458 | Berbers | Peoples who helped spread Islam to North Africa. Almoravids and Almohadis were puritanical Berber tribes. | 2 | |
| 355358459 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century. | 3 | |
| 355358460 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid 10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 4 | |
| 355358461 | Ibn Batuta | (b. 1304) Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records. Accounted that travel was secure and crime was severely punished. | 5 | |
| 355358462 | Ibn Khaldun | (1332- 1406) A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute. | 6 | |
| 355358463 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany. | 7 | |
| 355358464 | Averroes | Arab rationalists | 8 | |
| 355422304 | Omar Khayyan | Wrote Rubaiyat ( Persian literature) | 9 | |
| 355422305 | Maimonides | Jew philosopher | 10 | |
| 355551304 | Mali | Empire centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers; creation of the Malinke peoples; broke away from control of Ghana in 13th century. Depended on gold-salt trade. | 11 | |
| 355551305 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 90,000; contained a library and a university. | 12 | |
| 355551306 | Sudanic States | kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power, from the Senegal river to the Niger River. The states were ruled by a patriarch or council of elders. There was a core territorial area and then surrounding subordinate ones. The rulers of sudanic states were considered sacred and separate from their subjects. when islam spread to this area, only Royals practiced it and it was not spread to the people. | 13 | |
| 355551307 | Anatolia | The peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas that is now occupied by most of Turkey; also called Asia Minor | 14 | |
| 355551308 | Nubia | East African trading river that developed south of Egypt in Asia Minor. The Coptic (Christians of Egypt) influence spread up the Nile into Nubia (the ancient land of Kush). Muslims attempted to penetrate Nubia and met stiff resistance in the 9th century (left Christian descendants of ancient Kush - left as independent Christian kingdom until 13th century)., East African trading empire that developed south of Egypt on the Nile River | 15 | |
| 355551309 | Ethiopia | a Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa | 16 | |
| 355551310 | East African Coast | Where bantu-based and arab-influenced swahili language came from City-states. Kilwa and Mogadishu. Spoke Swahili. Traded gold, slaves, and ivory. | 17 | |
| 355551311 | North Africa | Arab conquerors established islam in this area during the seventh and eighth centuries, coinquered Ghana in West Africa, and converted leaders of Mali and Songhai | 18 | |
| 355551312 | Iberia | Muslims ruled most of Iberia, though a few christian states in northern Spain. The Christians began to attack the Muslim states, expanding their domains (Castile, Aragon, and Portugal). | 19 | |
| 355551313 | Damascus | Syrian city that was politicl center of the Umayyad community; capital of Umayyad caliphate. Where Umayyads chose to live after murder of Uthman. Place where Umayyad caliphs strove to build a bureaucracy that would bind together the vast domains they ruled. | 20 | |
| 355551314 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq. | 21 | |
| 355551315 | Sassanid Empire | The name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years. Was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, in Persia,also involving a revival of a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism). Fought the Byzantines, which weakened them both. | 22 | |
| 355551316 | Muscovy | a former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscow, it was founded c. 1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory | 23 | |
| 355551317 | Carolingian Empire | Referring to the rule of Charlemagne, the Franks fell under one centralized rule of a man considered incredibly intelligent and militarily and diplomatically gifted. He was sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church and in the creation of his own bureaucracy, he established imperial officials to oversea the actions of local authorities. After his death in 814, subsequent leaders lost control over different parts of the empire from the bureaucracy and territory due to incompetence and external pressures in the form of the Muslims, Magyars and Vikings. | 24 | |
| 355551318 | Constantinople | Emperor Constantine,AD 330 moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city Byzantium in the east, and renamed the city. This city became the capital of the Roman empire. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes. | 25 | |
| 355551319 | The Balkans | region that included present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and former Yugoslavia; in control of the Ottoman Empire; demanded independence; defeated Ottomans; became independent | 26 | |
| 355592364 | Viziers | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 5th century often more powerful than the sultan | 27 | |
| 355592365 | Caliph | Political and religious successor to Muhammad | 28 | |
| 355592366 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 29 | |
| 355592367 | Treaty of Verdun | signed in 843, the treaty divided the carolingian empire into three sections, which led to the eventual destruction of charlemagne's empire | 30 | |
| 355592368 | Justinian Code | Roman law that was modified by revising old and not needed laws. Named after the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. | 31 | |
| 355592369 | Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe. | 32 | |
| 355592370 | Three-field system | System of agricultural cultivation by9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one third fallow, and one-third enpty, to regain fertility | 33 | |
| 355592371 | guilds | grouped people of the same business or trade in a single city. stressed equality, where everyone could get an equal share and a fair chance | 34 | |
| 355592372 | serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the maniorial system of the middle ages. Peasants that were bound to the land. | 35 | |
| 355592373 | manorialism | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and treir peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land. | 36 | |
| 355592374 | tithes | one tenth of the annual produce of one's land or of one's annual income, paid as a tax or contribution to support a church or clergy | 37 |
