all terms in packets
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| 49793084 | Axum | kingdom of Kush was defeated by a rival kingdom | |
| 49793085 | Ethopia | took over Axum; tey wre active contacts with East Mediterranean; traded for centuries | |
| 49793086 | Silk Roads | roads that ran from West China across the mountains and steppes of central Asia; nomadic people travel across is | |
| 49793087 | Olmec Culture | artistic forms including precious stones like jade; religious statues and icons blended human and animal images; had scientific research (a calender); influenced later Indian civilizations | |
| 49793088 | Shinotism | Japan's religion; worship for political rulers and spirits of nature; had many shrines and rituals | |
| 49793089 | Maya | developed from the Olmec culture; highly developed religion, math, language, cities, and religious monuments | |
| 49793090 | Inca | Andes mountains; careful agriculture in Incan civilization; elaborate cities and religious momuments | |
| 49793091 | Polynesian | located Fiji and Samoa; caste system; powerful local kings; had new animals and plants (pigs) | |
| 49793092 | Yellow Turbins | Daoist leaders; they promised a golden age brought by divine magic | |
| 49793093 | Rajput | regional princes of India; controlled the small states and emphasized military prowess | |
| 49793094 | Islam | Middle eastern religion; monotheistic | |
| 49793095 | Allah | Islam's God | |
| 49793096 | Byzantine Empire (before split) | Eastern of Roman Empire after it collapses; greek language; active in trade and the arts; Mediterranean civilization | |
| 49793097 | Justinian | Emperor of Byzantine Empire; Justinian Code; built the Hagia Sophia; Last attempt at expanding the empire | |
| 49793098 | Augustine | Great Christian Theologian; bishop; philosopher (wrote Confessions and City of God); defends Christianity during collapse of Rome | |
| 49855266 | Coptic | church is Egypt (Christian) | |
| 49855267 | Bodhisattvas | holy men; wrote a doctrine after death of Buddha; said that one could obtain Nirvana through meditation | |
| 49855268 | Mahayana | east Asian form of Buddhism; "greater vehicle"; has basic Buddhism beliefs | |
| 49855269 | Jesus of Nazareth | son of God; sent to Earth to redeem human sin | |
| 49855270 | Paul | early Christian leader; encouraged formal organizations within Church | |
| 49855271 | Pope | bishop of Rome; known as "papa" or "father" | |
| 49855272 | Benedict | developed monastism in Italy; started a monastery among Italian peasants;wrote the Benedictine Rule (urged a discipline life with prayer and spiritual fulfillments | |
| 49877667 | Hagia Sopia | New Church constructed in Constantinople by Justinian | |
| 49877668 | Belisarius | one of Justinian's most important military commanders; during conquest of West Europe; commanded invasions of North Africa and Italy | |
| 49877669 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of Chemicals that ignite when exposed to water; used to drive back Arab fleets | |
| 49877670 | Bulgaria | Slavic Kingdom; established in Northern portions of Balkan Penisula; pressured Byzantine Empire; defeat by Emperor Basil II | |
| 49877671 | Cyril and Methodius | missionaries sent by Byzantine government to easter Eupore and the Balkans; converted South Russia and Balkans to orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic | |
| 49877672 | Kievan Rus' | developed from the city Kiev; orthodox Christian; ruled by Rurik; feudal farming system; icons; rituals and ceremonies | |
| 49877673 | Kiev | trade city established in Russia (9th century); important to Scandinavia | |
| 49877674 | Rurik | Legendary Scandinavian; founder of the first kingdom of Russia (kievan rus') | |
| 49877675 | Vladimir I | Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Christianity | |
| 49877676 | Russian Orthodox | Russian form of Christianity; from Byzantine empire and local religion; king controlled it | |
| 49877677 | Boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than their counterparts in western Europe | |
| 49877678 | Tatars | Mongols; captured Russian cities and destroyed Kievan state; left Russian Orthodox and aristocracy intact | |
| 49877679 | Alexander the Great | Persian leader; invaded India and increased Hellenistic influence in India | |
| 49877680 | Monsoon | A torrential downpour in a semitropical climate; crucial for farming | |
| 49877681 | Aryans | Indo-European nomads during Vedic and Epic Ages; from central Asia; invented Sanskrit | |
| 49877682 | Sanskirt | first literacy language of Ayran culture in India | |
| 49877683 | Mahabharata | Vedas; India's greatest epic poem; stories of real and mythical battles; reflects Utopian society | |
| 49877684 | Ramayana | Vedas; stories which deal with mythical battles and relfect a settles agricultural society | |
| 49877685 | Upanishads | Vedas; epic poems or religion and mysticism | |
| 49877686 | Varnas | Social classes emphasizing class difference | |
| 49877687 | Untouchables | Dalits; lowest in the caste system; relegated to jobs of inferiority; contact with a dalit would make one impure | |
| 49877688 | Indra | Hindu god of thunder and also god of strength; Hindu gods regulated natural forces and possessed human qualities | |
| 49877689 | Chandragupta Maurya | had power in ganges region; 1st leader of Mauryan Dynasty; devloped large and powerful army; unifies most of Indian subcontinent; advised governmental bureaucracy | |
| 49877690 | Mauryan Dynasty | first rules to unify much of entire subcontinent; all leaders maintained large armies; developed substantial bureaucracy; way of ruling: autocratic (relying on the ruler's personal and military power | |
| 49877691 | Ashoka | Grandson of Chandrapgupta; conquered southern trip of India; converts to Buddhism; improves roads throughout empire | |
| 49877692 | Dharma | Obligation of life and caste; hopes to be a unifying influence | |
| 49877693 | Guptas | empire; creating system of taxation; as a brahman you can consolidate support by obtaining divine power; local rule; promotes sanskrit but allowed regional linguistic differences; universities of education (only men) | |
| 49877694 | Guru | Mystic leaders withing Hindu religion | |
| 49877695 | Shiva and Vishnu | Hindu gods; Destroyer and Preserver | |
| 49877696 | Reincarnation | believes sould do not die; they are passed on to other life forms before seeking Dharma; this happens many time times | |
| 49877697 | Buddha | god meaning enlightened one; Siddhartha Gautama founded this religion | |
| 49877698 | Nirvana | world beyond existence; without suffering | |
| 49877699 | Stupas | Spherical shrines to Buddha; by Ashoka | |
| 49877700 | Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) | 2mya-14000ya; humans learned simpile tools; erect stature(evolution); increased brain capacity | |
| 49877701 | Homo sapien sapiens | All humans today are descendents of 120,000ya in Africa; newest human breed | |
| 49877702 | Neolithis (New stone age) | agricultural; cities; domestication of animals; advances in sailing and fishing- settled permanently | |
| 49877703 | Neolithic Revolution | development of agricultural; deliberate planting for harvest | |
| 49877704 | Hunting and gathering | nomads moved from place to place in search of survival; once all the animals were hunted and plants gathered the people would move | |
| 49877705 | Bronze Age | c.3000 B.C.E.; an age when metal working became very useful in agricultural especially in the middle east (more efficient farming) | |
| 49877706 | Civilization | societies with enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and social hierarchy of inequality | |
| 49877707 | Cuneiform | writing based on wedge like characters; developed in middle east c.3500B.C.E.; used to record data like taxes | |
| 49877708 | Nomads | humans that moved from location to location in search of survival | |
| 49877709 | Mesopotamia | area along the Tigris and Euphrates river in the middle east; farmers used brone and copper; invented the wheel; established pottery industry; location of first civilization | |
| 49877710 | Sumerians | people who invaded Mesopotamia region; First civilization; cuneiform alphabet; art developed (statues/frescoes); Ziggurats | |
| 49877711 | Ziggurat | pyramid shaped religious temple (largest in Ur) | |
| 49877712 | Babylonians | Summerians fell to them; extended own empire--> extended civilizations to other parts of the Middle East | |
| 49877713 | Hammurabi | this king ruled the Babylonians; introduced most early code of Laws | |
| 49877714 | Pharaoh | king who possessed immense power; Egyptian | |
| 49877715 | Pyramids | elaborate tombs for Pharaohs | |
| 49877716 | Kush | Kingdom that invaded Egypt | |
| 49877717 | Indus River | West India; houses had running water; trading contacts with Mesopotamia; developed an alphabet/artistic form | |
| 49877718 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | 2 large cities that developed along the Indus River | |
| 49877719 | Huanghe River | located in China; "yellow river"; Shana Dynasty developed isolation here | |
| 49877720 | Ideographic Symbols | way of writing by chinese; helped with the study of astronomy | |
| 49877721 | Phoenicians | people who simplified alphabe to 22 letters; improved Eqyptian numbering system; set up colonies in North Africa | |
| 49877722 | Mandate of Heaven | the worship of Heaven and their veneration of ancestors; gods choose those to lead | |
| 49877723 | monotheism | Religion believing in one God | |
| 49938847 | Kung Fuzi | "Confucius" 551-478B.C.E.; His main ideas were teaching of political virtue and good government (not religious); stressed respect for ones social surpior (hierarchy); system of ethics "Do unto others as your status and theirs dictates" | |
| 49938848 | Legalism | a system of political thought; rejected confucian belief; army controls the people; human nature was evil; population was not capable of self control | |
| 49938849 | Laozi | Started Daoism; stressed that nature contains a divine impulse that directs all life | |
| 49938850 | "Mean" people | performed rough transport and others unskilled job; lowest possible status (Chinese Civilizations) | |
| 49938851 | Confucian bureaucracy | bureaucrats are going to be the best at the job not based on loyalty to emperor | |
| 49938852 | Dao | "the way" (of nature); something one should seek; it refers to the finding of balnace in every feature such as yin and yang or male and female | |
| 49938853 | Qin Dynasty | Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi; great of wall of China; national census; new irrigation; Chinese script was uniform; standard coinage | |
| 49938854 | Shi Huangdi | Emperor of Qin Dynasty; bet know for building the Great Wall of China; included forced labor; was a brutal leader yet effective | |
| 49938855 | Great Wall | built 3000 miles long across the northern boarder of Chine to guard Chine from invasions; this is the largest human constructed project in history | |
| 49938856 | Han Dynasty | lasted over 400 years (c202B.C.E.- c220C.E.); had basic political and intellectual structure; expanded Chinese territory into Korea, Indochina, and central Asia; Emperor WuTi enforced peace; used Confucian | |
| 49938857 | al-Mahdi | third abbasid caliph; tried to restore succession problem; attempted to reconcile moderates from Shi'a in abbasid dynasty | |
| 49938858 | Harun al-Rashid | most famous Caliph; lived as the best; after his death wars of succession took place; he depended on persian advisors | |
| 49938859 | Buyids | dynasty mid-10th century; captured Baghdad; ruler was a Sultan | |
| 49938860 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders (central Asia); staunch Sunnis; mid-11th century | |
| 49938861 | Ottoman Empire | Turkic empire (asian minor)--> middle east; conquered Constinople; Byzantine empire; succeeded Seljuk Turks and mongols | |
| 49938862 | Crusades | wars fought over the Holy Land; Christians vs Muslims; took place over many years | |
| 49938863 | Saladin | Muslim Leader; Late 12th century; conquered Crusader outposts | |
| 49938864 | Shah-Nama | written by Firdawsi; relates hisory of Persia from creation to Islamic conquest | |
| 49938865 | al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic Theologian; struggled to mesh Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely excepted by the Ulama | |
| 49938866 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic people; conquered Turko-persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad and killed last Abbasid caliph | |
| 49938867 | Chinggis Khan | elected Khagan of all mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of Northern kingdoms in China as far west of Abbasid regions | |
| 49944419 | Hulegu | ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered and captured Baghdad | |
| 49944420 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty is Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Din Jalut and halted Mongol advance | |
| 49944421 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general; conquered Sind; Sind became part of Umayaad Empire | |
| 49944422 | Mahmud of Ghazni | 3rd ruler of Turkish slave dynasty (Afganistan); conquered one of Hindu's wealthiest temples (northern India); gave Muslims aggression reputations | |
| 49944423 | Bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed emotional bond between devotees and god/goddess of their venereation | |
| 49944424 | Malacca | portuguese factory/ fortified trade town; Malayan peninsula; it was the trade center for trade in southeast Asian islands | |
| 49944425 | Demak | most powerful of the trading states (north coast of Java); converted to Islam; point of dissemination of other ports | |
| 49967778 | beduoin | nomadic pastoralists located on the arab pennisula | |
| 49967779 | Shaykhs | leaders of tribes on the beduoins | |
| 49967780 | Mecca | where Umayyads dominated politics; Location os the Ka'ba; city for transcontinental trade; Red Sea region | |
| 49967781 | Umayyads | clan of Quraysh; dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca | |
| 49967782 | Ka'ba | most religious shrine in Pre-islamic Arabia; still a shrine today for Islam | |
| 49967783 | Medina | city originally named Yathrib; Oasis; fertile lands for farming; politics ran by beduoin clans and 3 Jewish clans | |
| 49967784 | Angel Gabriel | Muhammad received his first revelation for Allah from this | |
| 49967785 | Ali | cousin and son in law of Muhammad; orthodox caliph; focus for Shi'a | |
| 49967786 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; religious and political; followed the Karan | |
| 49967787 | Zakat | tax for charity; obligation for all Muslims | |
| 49967788 | the 5 pillars of Islam | statement of belief; prayer; fasting (Ramadan); almsgiving; Pilgrimage (Haji) | |
| 49967789 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance; Muslims fast for dawn until sunset | |
| 49967790 | Haji | pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca to worship the Ka'ba | |
| 49967791 | Caliph | the political and religious successor to Muhammad | |
| 49967792 | Abu Bakr | caliph (632-634); earliest followers; closest friend of Muhammad; Sunnis | |
| 49967793 | Ridda Wars | wars that restored unity of Islam; defeated all rival prophets and larger clans | |
| 49967794 | Jihads | Islamic holy wars; spread Muslim faith | |
| 49967795 | Copts and Nestorians | members of Christian sects; Supported Islamic invasions | |
| 49967796 | Mu'awiya | leader of Umayyads; challenged Ali's position | |
| 49967797 | Sunnis | supported of the Umayyads; 85% of Muslims; no venerations; leaders by privilege | |
| 49967798 | Shi'as | supporters of Ali; reject Muhammad's traditions; 15% Iran and Iraq; successor should stay within the family | |
| 49967799 | Damascus | Umayyad's political center; Where umayyads live after murder of Uthman | |
| 49967800 | Mawali | Muslim converts who had to pay property tax and Jizya | |
| 49967801 | Dhimmi | "people of the book"; Used for Jew/Christians in Islamic territory | |
| 49967802 | Hadiths | traditions of Muhammad | |
| 49967803 | Abbasisds | succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs; 750 C.E. | |
| 49967804 | Baghdad | new capital for Abbasids after defeat of the Umayyads; used bureaucracy to govern for 100 years | |
| 49967805 | Wazir | chief administration official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | |
| 49967806 | Dhows | arab sailing vessels with triangular of lateen sails; influenced European design | |
| 49967807 | Ayan | wealthy land elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | |
| 49967808 | Cyrus the Great | He established a massive Persian empire across the northern Middle East and into NW India | |
| 49967809 | Zoroastrianism | new religion; Persians developed in the Northern middle east and into Northwestern India around 550 B.C.E. | |
| 49967810 | Olympic Games | City-states joined together to compete; took place in olympia | |
| 49967811 | Pericles | Political figure (5th century B.C.E.); Athens; guide not to go to war with Sparta; aristocra but part of democratic political structure | |
| 49967812 | Peloponnesian Wars | Athens vs Sparta; caused split into rivals; brings an end to Athenian domination of Greece | |
| 49967813 | Philip II of Macedon | won a cruel battle in 338 B.C.E.; son in Alexander the Great | |
| 49967814 | Hellenstic Period | name originated from the Hellenes; greek art and cultural emerged with other Middle Eastern Form | |
| 49967815 | Alexandria | trade flourished and important scientific centers were formed; named by Alexander the Great | |
| 49967816 | Roman Republic | form of government; strong military; balanced constitutions; aristocrat senate; 2 consuls; several assemblies | |
| 49967817 | Punic Wars | fought between Rome and Carthage; because they wanted to establish dominance in the Wester Mediterranean; Rome won | |
| 49967818 | Carthage | Phoenician city; where Rome fought armies of Carthage commercial port | |
| 49967819 | Hannibal | Carthargian general (second punic war); invaded Italy-->failed to conquer; defeated at Battle of Zania | |
| 49967820 | Diocletion | Roman Emperor (284-305 C.E.); tried to restore empire by improving administration and tax collection | |
| 49967821 | Constantine | Roman Emperor; Edict of Milan (adopted Christianity)- unifying force | |
| 49967822 | Polis | Greek world meaning politics; very important to Greek civilization | |
| 49967823 | Direct Democracy | Form of government; not ruled through elected officials (judges chosen at random); met every 10 days; all citizens capable of government participation; chosen for brief terms; decisions made in general assemblies; no rights for women/slaves/foreigners | |
| 49967824 | Senate | most important legislative body in Rome; composed mainly of aristocrats; all members of executive officers in Roman state | |
| 49967825 | consuls | roman government; 2 cousuls shared primary executive power; important in political participation and discussion; self rule allowed of outer regions of empire | |
| 49967826 | Aristotle | greek philosopher; stressed importance of moderation and balance in human behavior | |
| 49967827 | Stoics | Hellenistic Philosophers; emphasized an inner moral independence; cultivated by strict discipline of the body and by personal bravery | |
| 49967828 | Socrates | Philosopher who encouraged his students to question (conventional) wisdom on the grounds that the chief human duty was "the improvement of the soul" | |
| 49967829 | Plato | Socrates' greatest pupil; believed the human reason could approach an understanding of the 3 forms: true, good, beautiful | |
| 49974603 | 313 | year of Edict of Milan | |
| 49974604 | 476 | year of the Fall of Rome | |
| 49974605 | 1095 | year of first Crusade | |
| 49974606 | 1054 | year of the Great Schism | |
| 49974607 | stateless societies | African societies organized around kindship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states | |
| 49974608 | Ifriqiya | Eastern Northern Africa (Arabic) | |
| 49974609 | Maghrib | Western Northern Africa (Arabic) | |
| 49974610 | Almoravids and Almohadis | Reformer movements that were both Pure Islam; both Islamic Berbers of North Africa (early movement used violence) | |
| 49974611 | Sahel | extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; point of exchange between the forest and norther&southern Africa | |
| 49974612 | Sudanic States | kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power; based at Takrur on the senegal river to the west; included Mali and Songhay | |
| 49974613 | Mali | Empire centered between Senegal and Nigel Rivers; broke away from control of Ghana; model of Islamicized Sudanic Kingdoms | |
| 49974614 | Mansa musa | successor of Sundieta; made pilgrimage to mecca; brought Muslim to Mali | |
| 49974615 | Juula | Malinke Merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa | |
| 49974616 | Sundiata | "lion prince" a member of the Kelta clan; created and unified state that became the Mali empire | |
| 49974617 | Timbuktu | port city of mali; located just off the flood plain of the great bend in the Niger River; contained a library and university | |
| 49974618 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle region of Niger Valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber Dynasty; Capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunnis | |
| 49974619 | Muhammad the Great | He extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century | |
| 49974620 | Sharia | Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic Inheritance; applying laws | |
| 49974621 | Nok | culture featuring highly developed art style; flourishing between 500B.C.E.- 200B.C.E.; located in the forest of central Nigeria | |
| 49974622 | Yoruba States | developed in North Nigeria c.1200C.E.; featured artistic style related to Nok culture; agricultural societies were supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling family and aristocracy | |
| 49974623 | Benin | Powerful city-state; which came into contact with the Poruguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century | |
| 49974624 | Kongo | kingdom based on agriculture; formed on lower congo river by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; hereditary monarchy | |
| 49974625 | Great Zimbabwe | Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking people; located between Zambeziand Limpop Rivers; developed after 9th century; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa | |
| 49974626 | Zenj | Arbaic term for the east African coast |
