Chapter 3 - Eurasian Empires
Chapter 4 - Eurasian Cultural Traditions
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| 5107844158 | Ahura Mazda | In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world. |  | 0 |
| 5107844159 | Angra Mainyu | In Zoroastrianism, the evil god, engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda. |  | 1 |
| 5107844160 | Alexander the Great | Conqueror of Persian Empire & part of northwest India. |  | 2 |
| 5107844161 | Aryans | Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing collapse is still debated by historians. |  | 3 |
| 5107844162 | Athenian democracy | A radical form of direct democracy in which the free male population of Athens had the franchise & office holders were chosen by lot. |  | 4 |
| 5107844163 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) |  | 5 |
| 5107844164 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, & political moderation. |  | 6 |
| 5107844165 | Darius I | Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. |  | 7 |
| 5107844166 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on land & sea. |  | 8 |
| 5107844167 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 CE). The dynasty ruled northern India from the early 4th century to the late 6th century ad and the Empire is famous for achievements in art, science, and mathematics | 9 | |
| 5107844168 | Han Dynasty | Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state building achievement. | 10 | |
| 5107844169 | Hellenistic Era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. |  | 11 |
| 5107844170 | Herodotus | Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-425 B.C.E). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East & West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E. |  | 12 |
| 5107844171 | hoplite | A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply & to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship. |  | 13 |
| 5107844172 | Ionia | The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main borne of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire. |  | 14 |
| 5107844173 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that the ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally & benevolently. |  | 15 |
| 5107844174 | Battle of Marathon | Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E. |  | 16 |
| 5107844175 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 17 | |
| 5107844176 | Olympic Games | Greek religious festival & athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776 B.C.E. & celebrated every four years |  | 18 |
| 5107844177 | patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. |  | 19 |
| 5107844178 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability & prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. |  | 20 |
| 5107844179 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (& allies) and Sparta (& allies), lasting from 431-404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athen's Golden Age. |  | 21 |
| 5107844180 | Persepolis | The capital & greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. |  | 22 |
| 5107844181 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. |  | 23 |
| 5107844182 | plebians | Poorer, less-privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. |  | 24 |
| 5107844183 | Punic Wars | Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 & 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean. |  | 25 |
| 5107844184 | Qin Dynasty | A short lived (221-206 B.C.E.), but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China & established a strong & impressive state. |  | 26 |
| 5107844185 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor from the Qin; Shihuangdi (r. 221-210 B.C.E) forcibly united China & established a strong & repressive state. |  | 27 |
| 5107844186 | Solon | Athenian statesman & lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy. |  | 28 |
| 5107844187 | Wudi | Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. |  | 29 |
| 5107844188 | Xiongnu | Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese State. |  | 30 |
| 5107844189 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty. |  | 31 |
| 5107844190 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. |  | 32 |
| 5107844191 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. |  | 33 |
| 5107844192 | atman | The human soul, which is in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman. | 34 | |
| 5107844193 | Ban Zhao | A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women. |  | 35 |
| 5107844194 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 36 | |
| 5107844195 | bhakti movement | An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity. | 37 | |
| 5107844196 | Brahman | The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief. | 38 | |
| 5107844197 | Brahmins | The priestly caste in India. | 39 | |
| 5107844198 | Buddhism | a religion, originated in India that believes life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment | 40 | |
| 5107844199 | Confucius (Kong Fuzi) | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. |  | 41 |
| 5107844200 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. |  | 42 |
| 5107844201 | Daodejing | The central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power. |  | 43 |
| 5107844202 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. |  | 44 |
| 5107844203 | filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors & parents, a key element of Confucianism. |  | 45 |
| 5107844204 | Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in Classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. |  | 46 |
| 5107844205 | Hinduism | A world derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. |  | 47 |
| 5107844206 | Hippocrates | A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine. |  | 48 |
| 5107844207 | Isaiah | One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.) | 49 | |
| 5107844208 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity (ca. 4 B.C.E.-30 B.C.E.). |  | 50 |
| 5107844209 | Judaism | The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh/YHWH) with concerns with social justice. |  | 51 |
| 5107844210 | karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action & fulfillment of duty in the prior existence. | 52 | |
| 5107844211 | Laozi | A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism. | | 53 |
| 5107844212 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. |  | 54 |
| 5107844213 | Mahayana | "Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism. | 55 | |
| 5107844214 | moksha | In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman. | 56 | |
| 5107844215 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity & great compassion. |  | 57 |
| 5107844216 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. |  | 58 |
| 5107844217 | Saint Paul | The first great popularize of Christianity (10-65 C.E.) | 59 | |
| 5107844218 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince who turned ascetic (ca. 566-486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 60 | |
| 5107844219 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.) |  | 61 |
| 5107844220 | Thales of Miletus | A Greek natural philosopher (ca. 624-547 B.C.E.), noted for his application of reason to astronomy & for his questioning of the fundamental nature of the universe. |  | 62 |
| 5107844221 | Theodosius | Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals. |  | 63 |
| 5107844222 | Theravada | "The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs. | 64 | |
| 5107844223 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. |  | 65 |
| 5107844224 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 66 | |
| 5107844225 | Warring States period | Period of China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos. | 67 | |
| 5107844226 | yin and yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. | 68 | |
| 5107844227 | Zarathustra | A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism. |  | 69 |
| 5107844228 | Zhuangzi | A Chinese philosopher (369-286 B.C.E.) who spelled out the teachings of Daoism. |  | 70 |
| 5107844229 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. |  | 71 |
