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| 303748097 | Absolutism | A theory that rulers have divine right to exercise limitless power. | 0 | |
| 303748098 | absolute monarch | A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society | 1 | |
| 303748099 | divine right | The idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representatives on Earth. | 2 | |
| 303748100 | War of Spanish Succession | A conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France. | 3 | |
| 303748101 | Seven Years' War | A conflict in Europe, North America, and India, lasting from 1756 to 1763, in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France, Prussia, and other countries. | 4 | |
| 303748102 | Ivan the Terrible | first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war | 5 | |
| 303748103 | czar | a Russian emperor | 6 | |
| 303748104 | Boyars | Russia's landowning nobles. | 7 | |
| 303748105 | Habeas Corpus | A document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court of judge so that it can be decided his or her imprisonment is legal. | 8 | |
| 303748106 | Constitutional Monarchy | A monarchy in which the ruler's power is limited by the law. | 9 | |
| 303748107 | parliament | A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation. | 10 | |
| 303748108 | cabinet | A group of advisers or ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions. | 11 | |
| 303748109 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | 12 | |
| 303748110 | Heliocentric Theory | The idea that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. | 13 | |
| 303748111 | Enlightenment | An 18th century movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society. | 14 | |
| 303748112 | Natural rights | The rights that all people are born with-according to John Locke-the rights of life, liberty, and property | 15 | |
| 303748113 | Social contract | the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating and organized society or government. | 16 | |
| 303748114 | Separation of powers | the assignment of executive, legislative, and judicial powers to different groups of officials in government. | 17 | |
| 303748115 | checks and balances | Measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others. | 18 | |
| 303748116 | federal system | A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states. | 19 | |
| 309201637 | King Louis XIV | King of France, built the palace of Versailles, absolute monarch | 20 | |
| 309201638 | Peter the Great | Czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government | 21 | |
| 309201639 | English Civil War | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I | 22 | |
| 309201640 | Glorious revolution | In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights. | 23 | |
| 309201641 | Petition of Right | 1628. Signed by Charles I. No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time. | 24 | |
| 309201642 | Bill of Rights | 1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent, no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances. Established after The Glorious revolution. | 25 | |
| 309201643 | Magna Carta | This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights | 26 | |
| 309201644 | Philosophers | thinkers who ponder questions about life | 27 | |
| 309201645 | Hobbes | Wrote Leviathan. Thought human nature was nasty, brutal, & short. He said government was needed to provide jurisdiction for the people and that all rebellions must be quashed. | 28 | |
| 309201646 | Locke | Life, Liberty, and Property - people make a deal with the government in return for protection | 29 | |
| 309201647 | Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 30 | |
| 309201648 | Rousseau | believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property | 31 | |
| 309201649 | Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers in his book, "On the Spirit of Laws." Also promoted checks and balances. | 32 | |
| 309201650 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. Believed to be the most brilliant and influential philosophes of the Enlightenment period. | 33 | |
| 309201651 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 34 | |
| 309201652 | Geocentric theory | Earth is the center of the Universe | 35 | |
| 309201653 | Kepler | He proved the heliocentric theory using mathematical reasoning and proved most of Copernicus's ideas | 36 | |
| 309201654 | Copernicus | He published studies on the heliocentric theory which became the foundation for future scientists and astronomers. | 37 | |
| 309201655 | Galileo | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642). He was challenged and prosecuted by the Catholic Church, however, his ideas about physics and astronomy spread across Europe and became basis for modern day physics. | 38 | |
| 309201656 | Descartes | Developed analytical geometry, became and important tool for scientific research | 39 | |
| 309201657 | Newton | He developed many important laws of physics. he wrote "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" which became one of the most important scientific books ever written. His works also kept the Christian faith. | 40 | |
| 396866179 | Beccaria | attacked torture and capital punishment, believed the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime; laws not meant to impose the will of God but to secure happiness for the greatest number of people | 41 |
