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Prentice Hall Biology Chapter 11 Flashcards

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4041629468What does the principle of dominance state?The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive0
4041629469What is segregation?Segregation is the separation of paired alleles.1
4041629470What happens to alleles during segregation?The alleles are separated during the formation of gametes with the result that each gamete carries only a single allele from the original pair.2
4041629471How does Mendel cross-pollinated pea plantsHe cut away the male parts of one flower, then dusted it with pollen from another flower.3
4041629472Why did only about 1/4 of Mendel's F1 plants exhibit the recessive trait?Only 1/4 of the possible gamete combination did not have a dominant allele4
4041629473List the four basic principles of genetics that Mendel discovered in his experiments.1. Inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes 2. When two or more alleles of the gene for a single traits, some may be dominant and some may be recessive 3. In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene, one from each parent 4. The alleles for different genes (actually the chromosomes) usually segregate independently5
4041629474GeneticsThe scientific study of heredity6
4041629475GameteSex cells7
4041629476HybridThe off-spring of crosses between parents with different traits.8
4041629477AlleleDifferent form of a gene9
4041629478GeneChemical factor that determine traits.10
4041629479FertilizationThe process when male and female reproductive cells join11
4041629480True-breedingIf single genes was allowed to self- pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves. (i.e. TT+TT=TT and tt+tt=tt)12
4041629481TraitA specific characteristic, such as a color or height that varies from on individual to another13
4041629482Principles of probabilityPredict the outcomes of genetic crosses14
4041629483How are Punnett squares used?A diagram used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a genetic cross15
4041629484ProbabilityThe likelihood that a particular event will occur16
4041629485HomozygousOrganisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait (ex: TT or tt)17
4041629486HeterozygousOrganisms that have two different alleles for the same trait.18
4041629487PhenotypeVisible expression or physical characteristics of the alleles19
4041629488GenotypeActual alleles present for a trait, or genetic makeup.20
4041629489What inheritance patterns exists aside from simple dominance?Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes21
4041629490Incomplete dominanceSituation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another (pink flowers from red and white parents)22
4041629491Co-dominanceSituation where both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism (ex: bird with 2 different color feathers)23
4041629492Why are fruit flies an ideal organism for genetic research?They are small, easy to keep in the lab and can produce a many off-spring in a short period of time24
4041629493Why is it that chromosomes , not individual genes that assort individually?The genes are linked to the chromosomes which are separated during gamete formation.25
4041629494Multiple allelesGenes with more than one alleles26
4041629495Polygenic traitsTraits controlled by two or more genes.27
4041629496What happens during the process of meiosis?Meiosis is about reduction. When the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.28
4041629497What happens during the Interphase stage of MeiosisCells undergo a round of DNA replication - forming duplicate chromosomes (before Meiosis I starts)29
4041629498What happens during Phophase stage of MeiosisEach chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad30
4041629499What happens during Metaphase stage of MeiosisThe chromosomes line up across the center of the cell ( similar to the way they do in the metaphase way of Mitosis)31
4041629500What happens during Anaphase stage of MeiosisThe chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.32
4041629501What happens during Telophase stage of MeiosisA nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes.33
4041629502Describe the main results of meiosis?Four haploid cells become genetically different from each other and from the original cell34
4041629503How does the results of meiosis differ from mitosis?Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells35
4041629504How many chromosomes are in a sperm cell? Egg cell? White blood cell? Why?Sperm and Egg cells have 23 chromosomes because they are gametes, which are haploid cells. A white blood cell has 46 because it is a diploid cell.36
4041629505DiploidTwo set of chromosomes37
4041629506HaploidOne set of chromosomes38
4041629507TetradA structure in the prophase of meiosis that contains 2 chromatids. They forms when each chromosome pairs with its corresponding (or one just like it) homologous chromosome.39
4041629508Crossing-overWhen Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads in meiosis I, then cross over and exchange with each other, making new alleles.40
4041629509Explain why chromosomes and not independent genes, assort independently.Genes are a part of the chromosome.41
4041629510What does a Gene Map show?Shows the relative locations of genes on a chromosome.42
4041629511How does crossing over make gene mapping possible?The farther apart two genes are, the more likely they are to be separated during a crossover in meiosis. The frequency of crossing over is equal to the distance between two genes.43
4041629512Crossing OverWhen Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads in meiosis I, then cross over and exchange with each other, making new alleles.44
4041629513An important function of meiosis is to _____Maintain the diploid chromosome number of a species45
4041629514Offspring produced by crossing parents that have different characteristics are called ____________Hybrids46
4041629515Who else has your Universal DNA sequence?No one, unless you have an identical twin47
4041629516What is a heredity molecule that is found in all living things. It's the particle Mendel was looking for?DNA48
4041629517How many chromosomes do each human (1 male/1 female) have?23 each (total 4649
4041629518What is the universal blood type?AB positive50
4041629519What is the universal donor blood type?O negative51
404162952052
4041629521Which Mendel law states that organisms inherit two copies of each gene and donate one copy to each of their offspring?Law of segregation53
4041629522Due to the process of Segregation, alleles separate during the production of _____Sex cells54
4041629523How can a heterozygous guinea pig (Rr) have nine offspring with a homozygous guinea pig (rr) and all their coats are smooth? ('R' means rough coat and 'r' is smooth coat)Probability55
4041629524How would you determine the genotype of a white ram, if you wanted to see if he was homozygous?Breed him with black sheep. If the offspring are ALL white he is homozygous if ANY are black he is heterozygous.56
4041629525Meiosis only happens duringSexual reproduction57
4041629526If cells with the genotype SsYyRr undergo meiosis, How many types of gametes will be produced ? Assume that the S, Y and R genes are on different chromosomes8 different genotypes are possible if the allele pairs assort independently of each other (SYR, SYr, SyR, 5yr, sYR, sYr, syR, syr)58
4041629527The Austrian monk whose experimental work on pea plants laid the foundation for the science of genetics is who:Gregor Mendel59
4041629528In guinea pigs where the black color is dominant, what is the probability of producing a white guinea pig if you have two hybrid black guinea pigs ?1/460
4041629529Are an organisms characteristics are determined by _______.Its genes and the environment the organism lives in61

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