4041629468 | What does the principle of dominance state? | The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive | 0 | |
4041629469 | What is segregation? | Segregation is the separation of paired alleles. | 1 | |
4041629470 | What happens to alleles during segregation? | The alleles are separated during the formation of gametes with the result that each gamete carries only a single allele from the original pair. | 2 | |
4041629471 | How does Mendel cross-pollinated pea plants | He cut away the male parts of one flower, then dusted it with pollen from another flower. | 3 | |
4041629472 | Why did only about 1/4 of Mendel's F1 plants exhibit the recessive trait? | Only 1/4 of the possible gamete combination did not have a dominant allele | 4 | |
4041629473 | List the four basic principles of genetics that Mendel discovered in his experiments. | 1. Inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes 2. When two or more alleles of the gene for a single traits, some may be dominant and some may be recessive 3. In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene, one from each parent 4. The alleles for different genes (actually the chromosomes) usually segregate independently | 5 | |
4041629474 | Genetics | The scientific study of heredity | 6 | |
4041629475 | Gamete | Sex cells | 7 | |
4041629476 | Hybrid | The off-spring of crosses between parents with different traits. | 8 | |
4041629477 | Allele | Different form of a gene | 9 | |
4041629478 | Gene | Chemical factor that determine traits. | 10 | |
4041629479 | Fertilization | The process when male and female reproductive cells join | 11 | |
4041629480 | True-breeding | If single genes was allowed to self- pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves. (i.e. TT+TT=TT and tt+tt=tt) | 12 | |
4041629481 | Trait | A specific characteristic, such as a color or height that varies from on individual to another | 13 | |
4041629482 | Principles of probability | Predict the outcomes of genetic crosses | 14 | |
4041629483 | How are Punnett squares used? | A diagram used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a genetic cross | 15 | |
4041629484 | Probability | The likelihood that a particular event will occur | 16 | |
4041629485 | Homozygous | Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait (ex: TT or tt) | 17 | |
4041629486 | Heterozygous | Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait. | 18 | |
4041629487 | Phenotype | Visible expression or physical characteristics of the alleles | 19 | |
4041629488 | Genotype | Actual alleles present for a trait, or genetic makeup. | 20 | |
4041629489 | What inheritance patterns exists aside from simple dominance? | Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes | 21 | |
4041629490 | Incomplete dominance | Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another (pink flowers from red and white parents) | 22 | |
4041629491 | Co-dominance | Situation where both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism (ex: bird with 2 different color feathers) | 23 | |
4041629492 | Why are fruit flies an ideal organism for genetic research? | They are small, easy to keep in the lab and can produce a many off-spring in a short period of time | 24 | |
4041629493 | Why is it that chromosomes , not individual genes that assort individually? | The genes are linked to the chromosomes which are separated during gamete formation. | 25 | |
4041629494 | Multiple alleles | Genes with more than one alleles | 26 | |
4041629495 | Polygenic traits | Traits controlled by two or more genes. | 27 | |
4041629496 | What happens during the process of meiosis? | Meiosis is about reduction. When the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. | 28 | |
4041629497 | What happens during the Interphase stage of Meiosis | Cells undergo a round of DNA replication - forming duplicate chromosomes (before Meiosis I starts) | 29 | |
4041629498 | What happens during Phophase stage of Meiosis | Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad | 30 | |
4041629499 | What happens during Metaphase stage of Meiosis | The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell ( similar to the way they do in the metaphase way of Mitosis) | 31 | |
4041629500 | What happens during Anaphase stage of Meiosis | The chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. | 32 | |
4041629501 | What happens during Telophase stage of Meiosis | A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes. | 33 | |
4041629502 | Describe the main results of meiosis? | Four haploid cells become genetically different from each other and from the original cell | 34 | |
4041629503 | How does the results of meiosis differ from mitosis? | Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells | 35 | |
4041629504 | How many chromosomes are in a sperm cell? Egg cell? White blood cell? Why? | Sperm and Egg cells have 23 chromosomes because they are gametes, which are haploid cells. A white blood cell has 46 because it is a diploid cell. | 36 | |
4041629505 | Diploid | Two set of chromosomes | 37 | |
4041629506 | Haploid | One set of chromosomes | 38 | |
4041629507 | Tetrad | A structure in the prophase of meiosis that contains 2 chromatids. They forms when each chromosome pairs with its corresponding (or one just like it) homologous chromosome. | 39 | |
4041629508 | Crossing-over | When Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads in meiosis I, then cross over and exchange with each other, making new alleles. | 40 | |
4041629509 | Explain why chromosomes and not independent genes, assort independently. | Genes are a part of the chromosome. | 41 | |
4041629510 | What does a Gene Map show? | Shows the relative locations of genes on a chromosome. | 42 | |
4041629511 | How does crossing over make gene mapping possible? | The farther apart two genes are, the more likely they are to be separated during a crossover in meiosis. The frequency of crossing over is equal to the distance between two genes. | 43 | |
4041629512 | Crossing Over | When Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads in meiosis I, then cross over and exchange with each other, making new alleles. | 44 | |
4041629513 | An important function of meiosis is to _____ | Maintain the diploid chromosome number of a species | 45 | |
4041629514 | Offspring produced by crossing parents that have different characteristics are called ____________ | Hybrids | 46 | |
4041629515 | Who else has your Universal DNA sequence? | No one, unless you have an identical twin | 47 | |
4041629516 | What is a heredity molecule that is found in all living things. It's the particle Mendel was looking for? | DNA | 48 | |
4041629517 | How many chromosomes do each human (1 male/1 female) have? | 23 each (total 46 | 49 | |
4041629518 | What is the universal blood type? | AB positive | 50 | |
4041629519 | What is the universal donor blood type? | O negative | 51 | |
4041629520 | 52 | |||
4041629521 | Which Mendel law states that organisms inherit two copies of each gene and donate one copy to each of their offspring? | Law of segregation | 53 | |
4041629522 | Due to the process of Segregation, alleles separate during the production of _____ | Sex cells | 54 | |
4041629523 | How can a heterozygous guinea pig (Rr) have nine offspring with a homozygous guinea pig (rr) and all their coats are smooth? ('R' means rough coat and 'r' is smooth coat) | Probability | 55 | |
4041629524 | How would you determine the genotype of a white ram, if you wanted to see if he was homozygous? | Breed him with black sheep. If the offspring are ALL white he is homozygous if ANY are black he is heterozygous. | 56 | |
4041629525 | Meiosis only happens during | Sexual reproduction | 57 | |
4041629526 | If cells with the genotype SsYyRr undergo meiosis, How many types of gametes will be produced ? Assume that the S, Y and R genes are on different chromosomes | 8 different genotypes are possible if the allele pairs assort independently of each other (SYR, SYr, SyR, 5yr, sYR, sYr, syR, syr) | 58 | |
4041629527 | The Austrian monk whose experimental work on pea plants laid the foundation for the science of genetics is who: | Gregor Mendel | 59 | |
4041629528 | In guinea pigs where the black color is dominant, what is the probability of producing a white guinea pig if you have two hybrid black guinea pigs ? | 1/4 | 60 | |
4041629529 | Are an organisms characteristics are determined by _______. | Its genes and the environment the organism lives in | 61 |
Prentice Hall Biology Chapter 11 Flashcards
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