Lecture test #3
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| 3219224430 | Paul Ehrlich | Interested in dyes that could destroy microbes | 0 | |
| 3219224431 | Gerhard Domajk | Discovered sulfa drugs | 1 | |
| 3219224432 | Alexander Fleming | Rediscovered penicillin | 2 | |
| 3219224433 | Selman Waksman | Discovered streptomycin (an antibiotic) | 3 | |
| 3219224434 | Selective toxicity | Kills or inhibits the pathogen while doing as little damage as possible to the host cell | 4 | |
| 3219224435 | Theraputic dose | Drug level required for a chemical treatment of a particular infection | 5 | |
| 3219224436 | Toxic dose | Drug level @ which the agent becomes too toxic for the host | 6 | |
| 3219224437 | Therapeutic index | Toxic dose divided by theraputic dose. The larger, the better the drug. | 7 | |
| 3219224438 | Semi-synthetic | Natural antibiotics that have been structurally modified by the addition of chemical groups to make them less susceptible to stomach acids and inactivation by pathogens | 8 | |
| 3219224439 | Narrow range of effectiveness | Effective only against a limited variety of pathogens | 9 | |
| 3219224440 | Broad range of effectiveness | Attacks lots of different kinds of bacteria | 10 | |
| 3219224441 | Minimal inhibitory concentration | Lowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a particular pathogen | 11 | |
| 3219224442 | Minimal lethal concentration | Lowest drug concentration that kills the pathogen | 12 | |
| 3219224443 | Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis | Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, teicoplanin | 13 | |
| 3219224444 | Inhibitors of protein sythensis | Aminoglycocides, tetracyclines, macrolides, chloramphenicol | 14 | |
| 3219224445 | Metabolic anagonists | Antagonize or block the functioning of metabolic pathways; sulfa drugs and trimethoprim | 15 | |
| 3219224446 | Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition | Block replication or transcription; quinolones | 16 | |
| 3219224447 | Hard to kill and differentiate from your cells | Why is it important to remember that fungi are eukaryotic cells? | 17 | |
| 3219224448 | Aspects of metabolism | Know these: 1. Life obeys the 1st & 2nd law of thermodynamics 2. Energy currency for cells = ATP 3. Oxidation reduction reactions are important 4. Chemical rxns are organized into pathways 5. Each rxn is catalyzed by an enzyme or ribosyme 6. Biochemical pathways are regulated | 18 | |
| 3219224449 | Major types of work a cell needs to do | 1. Chemical 2. Transport 3. Mechanical | 19 | |
| 3219224450 | Chemical work | Synthesis of biomolecules | 20 | |
| 3219224451 | Transport work | Take up nutrients, eliminate wastes, maintain ion balance | 21 | |
| 3219224452 | Mechanical work | Cell motility | 22 | |
| 3219224453 | Energy | The capacity to do work | 23 | |
| 3219224454 | Thermodynamics | Analyzes energy changes in a collection of matter | 24 | |
| 3219224455 | 1st law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed | 25 | |
| 3219224456 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | We are headed towards entropy (chaos) | 26 | |
| 3219224457 | Enthalpy | Change in heat content | 27 | |
| 3219224458 | Free energy change | Amount of heat in a system | 28 | |
| 3219224459 | Endergonic reactions | Anabolic reactions; take in energy | 29 | |
| 3219224460 | Metabolites | Products of reactions | 30 | |
| 3219224461 | Biochemical pathways | Some are linear, some are cyclic, some linear and branched | 31 | |
| 3219224462 | Metabolic pathways | Connected and form a complex network | 32 | |
| 3219224463 | Exergonic reactions | Energy is released from a cell's energy source; cells have catalysts that speed up reactions | 33 | |
| 3219224464 | Enzymes | Proteins, great specificity for the rxn they catalyze | 34 | |
| 3219224465 | Substrates | Reacting molecules | 35 | |
| 3219224466 | Products | Substances formed | 36 | |
| 3219224467 | By lowering the energy of activation | How do enzymes speed up reactions? | 37 | |
| 3219224468 | Michaelis constant | If more substrate molecules are present, enzyme binds substrate more often and velocity of reaction is greater | 38 | |
| 3219224469 | Denaturation | Enzyme structure is disrupted and its activity is lost | 39 | |
| 3219224470 | Competitive inhibitors | Direct competition with the substrate and an inhibitor at the enzyme's active site. Prevents (if inhibitor binds) enzyme from forming product. | 40 | |
| 3219224471 | Non-competitive inhibitors | Affect enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme at some location other than the active sit. Changes the enzyme's shape, making it less active or not active at all. | 41 | |
| 3219224472 | Ribozymes | Latalytic RNA molecules | 42 | |
| 3219224473 | Metabolic channeling | The localization of metabolites and enzymes into different parts of the cell | 43 | |
| 3219224474 | Compartmentalization | Most common method of metabolic channeling; Differential distribution of enzymes and metabolites among separate cell structures or organelles | 44 | |
| 3219224475 | Regulation of gene expression | Regulation of the synthesis of a particular enzyme transcription and translation are altered to control the amount of an enzyme present in cell. | 45 | |
| 3219224476 | Allosteric regulation | Allosteric enzyme altered by a small molecule known as an allosteric effector. Binds to a regulatory site, not the active site. Causes confirmational change. | 46 | |
| 3219224477 | Positive effector | Increases enzyme activity | 47 | |
| 3219224478 | Negative effector | Decreases enzyme activity | 48 | |
| 3219224479 | Covalent modification of enzymes | Occurs through the addition and removal of a particular chemical group -- methyl, phosphoryl, or adenylyl. | 49 | |
| 3219224480 | Feedback inhibition | A-->B-->C-->D. The enzyme is inhibited BETWEEN A-->B. KNOW HOW TO DRAW THIS!! | 50 | |
| 3219224481 | Autotrophs | "Self-feeders" Can make their own food (ex. plants) | 51 | |
| 3219224482 | Heterotrophs | Organic molecules from other organisms (ex. humans) | 52 | |
| 3219224483 | Phototrophs | Energy source = light | 53 | |
| 3219224484 | Chemotrophs | Oxidation of inorganic or organic compounds | 54 | |
| 3219224485 | Lithotrophs | Reduced inorganic molecules | 55 | |
| 3219224486 | Organotrophs | Organic molecules | 56 | |
| 3219224487 | Aerobic respiration | Can completely metabolize a reduced organic energy source to CO2 using glycolytic pathways and TCA (kreb's) cycle. O2 is the terminal electron acceptor. | 57 | |
| 3219224488 | 3 main pathways from glucose to pyruvate | 1. Embden-Meyerhoff (glycolysis) 2. Entner-Doudoroff 3. Pentose-Phosphate | 58 | |
| 3219224489 | Embden-Meyerhoff | Most common pathway of glucose to pyruvate. Also known as glycolysis. KNOW THIS PROCESS. Gross gain of 4 ATP. Net gain is 2 ATP. | 59 | |
| 3219224490 | Substrate level phosphorylation | Results in formation of ATP by the direct transfer of phosphate to ADP from a phosphorylated reactive intermediate. | 60 | |
| 3219224491 | Oxidative phosphorylation | Takes place during cellular respiration. ATP is synthesized during the electron transport chain. | 61 | |
| 3219224492 | Entner-Doudoroff Pathyway | Used by soil bacteria, replaces 1st part of Embden-Meyerhoff | 62 | |
| 3219224493 | Pentose-Phosphate Pathway | Can be used at same time as the other 2 pathways, can be aerobic or anaerobic. | 63 | |
| 3219224494 | Anaerobic Respiration | Most common terminal electron acceptors --> nitrate, sulfate, and CO2. Used for many bacteria, archaea and some eukaryotic microbes | 64 | |
| 3219224495 | Homolactic fermentors | Pyruvate reduced to lactate with lactate dehydrogenase | 65 | |
| 3219224496 | Heterolactic fermentors | Lots of products other than lactate can produce ethanol and CO2. | 66 | |
| 3219224497 | Alcoholic fermentors | Pyruvate decarboxylated (COOH) to acetalaldehyde, then it is reduced to ethanol | 67 | |
| 3219224498 | Mixed acid fermentation | The excretion of ethanol and a mixture of acids --> acetic, lactic, succinic, and formic | 68 | |
| 3219224499 | Chemolithotrophy | Microbes donate electrons to the ETC's by oxidizing inorganic molecules rather than organic | 69 | |
| 3219224500 | Macromolecules | Large molecules made from small molecules | 70 | |
| 3219224501 | Amphibolic | Lots of enzymes do double duty -- used in both catabolic and anabolic reactions | 71 | |
| 3219224502 | True | Anabolism requires energy. True/False | 72 | |
| 3219224503 | Compartmentation | Catabolism and anabolism physically separated | 73 | |
| 3219224504 | True | Catabolism and anabolism often use different cofactors | 74 | |
| 3219224505 | Precursor | Give rise to all other molecules --> carbon skeletons | 75 | |
| 3219224506 | Autotrophs | Plants; use CO2 as principal carbon source | 76 | |
| 3219224507 | Photoautotrophs | Get energy by trapping light during the light reaction of photosynthesis. | 77 | |
| 3219224508 | CO2 Fixation Pathways | 1. Calvin cycle 2. Reductive TCA cycle 3. 3-hydroxypropionate bi-cyle 4. Reductive acetyl CoA-pathway 5. 3-hydroxypropionate-4-hydroxybutyrate 6. dicarboxylate/4-hydroxylbutrate cycle | 78 | |
| 3219224509 | *** | BE ABLE TO DRAW A GENERIC AMINO ACID, SEE NOTES | 79 | |
| 3219224510 | Peptidoglycan | Large, complex molecules made up of polysaccaride chains. | 80 | |
| 3219224511 | Nitrogen assimilation | Only a few bacteria and archaea can reduce nitrogen gas and use it as a nitrogen source (eukaryotic cells can't). Ex. LEGUMES (beans) | 81 | |
| 3219224512 | Nitrogen fixation | The reduction of atmospheric gaseous nitrogen to ammonia | 82 | |
| 3219224513 | Sulfur assimilation | Needed for AA cysteine and methionine. Also needed for coenzyme A and biotin. | 83 | |
| 3219224514 | Amino acid biosynthetic pathway | Some amino acids are made directly by transanimation of a precursor metabolite. | 84 |
