Peter Melcher and Susan Swenson
Final Exam Study
Campbell Biology Chapters 23, 52, 53, 54, 55 and 56
Terms : Hide Images
| 384567786 | Ecology | the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment | |
| 384567787 | climate | the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area | |
| 384567788 | biosphere | the sum of all the planet's ecosystems and landscapes | |
| 384567789 | global ecology | examines how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere | |
| 384567790 | landscape | mosaic of connected ecosystems | |
| 384567791 | landscape ecology | focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems | |
| 384567792 | ecosystem | the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact | |
| 384567793 | ecosystem ecology | emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment | |
| 384567794 | community | a group of populations of different species in an area | |
| 384567795 | community ecology | examines how interactions between species such as predation and competition affect community structure and organization | |
| 384567796 | population | a group of individuals of the same species living in an area | |
| 384567797 | population ecology | analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time | |
| 384567798 | organismal ecology | concerned with how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment | |
| 384567799 | Tropics | regions that lie between 23.5 degrees north and 23.5 degrees south | |
| 384567800 | macroclimate | climate patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level | |
| 384567801 | microclimate | very fine, localized climate patterns | |
| 384567802 | biomes | major life zones characterized by vegetation type or by the physical environment | |
| 384567803 | climograph | a plot of the annual mean temperture and precipitation in a particular region | |
| 384567804 | ecotone | an area of intergradation in climate | |
| 384567805 | canopy | the upper layer in a forest | |
| 384567806 | disturbance | an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms from it and altering resource availability. | |
| 384567807 | turnover | sends oxygenated water from a lake's surface to the bottom and brings nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface in both spring and autumn | |
| 384567808 | ogliotrophic | nutrient poor and oxygen-rich bodies of water | |
| 384567809 | eutrophic | nutrient rich and oxygen depleted bodies of water | |
| 384567810 | littoral zone | the shallow, well lit waters close to shore | |
| 384567811 | dispersal | the movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density | |
| 384567812 | population density | the number of individuals per unit area or volume | |
| 384567813 | demography | the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time | |
| 384567814 | life tables | age specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population | |
| 384567815 | cohort | a group of individuals of the same age | |
| 384567816 | survivorship curve | a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age | |
| 384567817 | reproductive table | an age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population | |
| 384567818 | carrying capacity | the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain | |
| 384567819 | logistic population growth | a model in which the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the carrying capacity is reached | |
| 384567820 | semelparity | reproduction (usually a population) in a single, "one-shot" manner | |
| 384567821 | iteroparity | repeated reproduction | |
| 384567822 | K-selected | populations with high density, many individuals and usually smaller sized individuals | |
| 384567823 | r-selected | populations with low density, few individuals and usually larger sized individuals | |
| 384567824 | density independent | a population whose birth or death rate does not change with population density | |
| 384567825 | density dependent | a population whose birth or death rate changes with population density | |
| 384567826 | population dynamics | population fluctuations from year to year or place to place | |
| 384567827 | metapopulation | multiple local populations that become linked | |
| 384567828 | demographic transition | the movement from high birth and death rates towards low birth and death rates | |
| 384567829 | ecological footprint | the amount of land and water area required by each person, city or nation to produce all the resources it consumes and absorb all the waste it generates | |
| 384567830 | interspecific interactions | interactions between species which include competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis and facilitation | |
| 384567831 | resource partitioning | the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community | |
| 384567832 | character displacement | the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric that in allopatric populations of two species | |
| 384567833 | cryptic coloration | camoflage | |
| 384567834 | aposematic coloration | warning coloration | |
| 384567835 | batesian mimicry | a palatable or harmless species mimics and unpalatable or harmful one | |
| 384567836 | parasitism | +/- interations (one benefits, one is harmed) | |
| 384567837 | endoparasites | parasites that feed on the external surface of a host | |
| 384567838 | ectoparasites | parasites that feed on the inside of a host | |
| 384567839 | mutualism | +/+ interations (both benefit) | |
| 384567840 | commensalism | +/0 interactions (one benefits, other is not effected) | |
| 384567841 | facilitation | a kind of mutualism or commensalism where the two species do not directly interact | |
| 384567842 | species diversity | the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community | |
| 384567843 | species richness | the number of different species in the community | |
| 384567844 | relative abundance | the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community | |
| 384567845 | shannon diversity index | one way of determining the diversity of a population | |
| 384567846 | energetic hypothesis | suggests that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain | |
| 384567847 | biomass | the total mass of all individuals in a population | |
| 384567848 | dynamic stability hypothesis | proposes that long food chains are less stable than short chains | |
| 384567849 | nonequilibrium model | describes most communities as constantly changing after being affected by a disturbance | |
| 384567850 | intermediate disturbance hypothesis | states that moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than do low or high levels of disturbance | |
| 384567851 | ecological succession | the process by which species are gradually replaced by other species in an area | |
| 384567852 | primary succession | the first life forms to inhabit a newly formed environment | |
| 384567853 | secondary succession | the second life forms to inhabit a newly formed environment | |
| 384567854 | evapotransportation | the evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants. | |
| 384567855 | species area curve | a model in which, all factors being equal, the larger the geographic area of a community, the more species it has | |
| 384567856 | primary producers | the tropic level that ultimately supports all others which consists of autotrophs | |
| 384567857 | primary consumers | herbivores | |
| 384567858 | secondary consumers | carnivores that eat herbivores | |
| 384567859 | tertiary consumers | carnivores that eat carnivores | |
| 384567860 | detritivores | organisms that eat dead and decaying organic matter | |
| 384567861 | detritus | dead and decaying organic matter | |
| 384567862 | GPP | gross primary production | |
| 384567863 | NPP | net primary production | |
| 384567864 | NEP | net ecosystem production | |
| 384567865 | limiting nutrient | the element that must be added for production to increase | |
| 384567866 | eutrophication | the impacts of increased primary producer populations | |
| 384567867 | production efficiency | the percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration | |
| 384567868 | turnover time | the time it takes for a generation of organisms to pass | |
| 384567869 | bioremediation | using organisms, usually prokaryotes, fungi or plants, to detoxify polluted ecosystems | |
| 384567870 | biological augmentation | using organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem | |
| 384567871 | conservation biology | a study that integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity at all levels | |
| 384567872 | ecosystem services | all the processes through which natural ecosystems help sustain human life | |
| 384567873 | introduced species | species that have been introduced by humans either accidentally or intentionally | |
| 384567874 | minimum viable population (MVP) | the estimated population size that can be sustained | |
| 384567875 | extinction vortex | the vicious cycle of smaller and smaller population sizes which eventually leads to extinction | |
| 384567876 | movement corridor | a narrow strip or series of small clumps of habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches of a population | |
| 384567877 | zoned reserve | an extensive region that includes areas relatively undisturbed by humans surrounded by areas that have been changed by human activity | |
| 384567878 | critical load | the amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging the ecosystem integrity | |
| 384567879 | biological magnification | the concentration of toxins in successive trophic levels | |
| 384567880 | microevolution | evolution on the smallest scale | |
| 384567881 | genetic variation | differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments | |
| 384567882 | average heterozygosity | the average percentage of loci that are heterozygous | |
| 384567883 | geographic variation | difference in the genetic composition of separate populations | |
| 384567884 | cline | a graded change in a character along a geographic axis | |
| 384567885 | gene pool | all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population | |
| 384567886 | hardy-weinberg principle | states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work | |
| 384567887 | genetic drift | the process, extreme in small populations, where allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next | |
| 384567888 | founder effect | when a few individuals from a population establish a new population elsewhere who's gene pool differs from the source population | |
| 384666113 | bottleneck effect | when a population encounters when a population encounters a setback which stifles the population such that when it grows back to pre-bottleneck levels, the gene pool has changed | |
| 384666114 | gene flow | the transfer of alleles into or out of a population | |
| 384666115 | relative fitness | the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals | |
| 384666116 | directional selection | when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other | |
| 384666117 | disruptive selection | occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes | |
| 384666118 | stabilizing selection | acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants | |
| 384666119 | sexual selection | a form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates | |
| 384666120 | sexual dimorphism | a difference between two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics | |
| 384666121 | intrasexual selection | selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex | |
| 384666122 | intersexual selection | individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex | |
| 384666123 | neutral variation | differences in DNA sequences that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage | |
| 384666124 | heterozygote advantage | when natural selection tends to maintain two or more alleles at that locus | |
| 384666125 | frequency dependent selection | the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population | |
| 385802007 | allantois | a dispursal sac for metabolic wastes produced by the embryo | |
| 385802008 | chorion | a membrane which exchanges gasses between the embryo and the air | |
| 385802009 | yolk sac | a membrane which contains the yok | |
| 385802010 | amnion | a membrane which protects the embryo | |
| 385802011 | albumen | whites of the egg | |
| 385802012 | paraphyletic | pertaining to a common ancestor and some of its descendants | |
| 385802013 | monophyletic | pertaining to a common ancestor and all of its descendants | |
| 385802014 | polyphyletic | pertaining to two or more ancestors but no descendants | |
| 385802015 | viviparous | a type of development in which the young are born alive inside the mother after being nourished by a placenta | |
| 385802016 | oviparous | a type of development in which young hatch from an egg outside of the mother | |
| 385802017 | oviviparous | a type of development in which young are born alive after having hatched from an egg inside the mother |
