WWI and era preceding it
Randolph's AP US test 3/17
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| 147453237 | Franz Ferdinand | heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire; assassinated on June 28, 1914, leading to the outbreak of WWI; killed by a Serbian terrorist group, the Black Hand, because his policies were unpopular with Serbs, who wanted autonomy | |
| 147453238 | Helmuth von Moltke | German Chief of Staff after the retirement of Schlieffen; revised the Schlieffen Plan and put it into action; he is blamed for being indecisive and giving bad orders in the face of war with France, specifically at the Battle of Marne | |
| 147453239 | Erich Ludendorff | assisted Schlieffen in the writing of his plan; became German Chief of Staff in 1916 and created the Third Supreme Council; supported unrestricted submarine warfare, which helped draw the US into the war; part of the Brest-Livotsk Peace Treaty; exiled to Sweden after the war, and returned to Germany in 1920 to become a member of the Nazi Party | |
| 147453240 | Paul von Hindenburg | commanded German troops in Prussia, winning an important battle at Tannenburg in 1914; became Commander-in-Chief of German armies in 1914; became Army Chief of Staff in 1916 and was a part of the Third Supreme Council; while in power, Romania was defeated and Russia was forced out of the war; appointed Adolf Hitler as his successor of the Weimar Republic in the 1930s | |
| 147453241 | Woodrow Wilson | Progressive Democrat President 1913 to 1921; in the 3-way election of 1912, he gained 42% of the popular vote and an overwhelming majority of the electorl college vote; his campaign and plan for Presidency was called New Freedom, which included the reduction of tariffs, the reform of the banking system, and the strengthening of the Sherman Antitrust Act; he narrowly won reelection in 1916 for keeping the country out of the war, but asked Congress to declare war on Germany in April of the following year; his 14 points (see below) were announced in 1918 as American war aims | |
| 147453242 | Von Baden | he was a German nobleman and politician. He served as Germany's last imperial Chancellor prior to the Revoluation and consequent creation of a German republic in November 1918. His early role in WWI was chiefly confined to welfare work for prisoners. He became a focal point for moderate politician opinion and was opposed to the extreme right-winged policies. In 1917 he came out in firm opposition to a resumption in unrestricted submarine warfare. He instigated in an event that ultimately proved disastrous, drawing the US into the war. After he was appointed Chancellor, the Kaiser hoped he would be able to negotiate favorable armistice terms via US President Woodrow Wilson. He soon became caught in between an important decision and he announced his retirement in the wake of the Kiel naval mutiny and consequently handed power over to Friederich Ebert. | |
| 147453243 | Lloyd George | he was known for his radicalism and he earned notoriety for his opposition to the Boer War. In 1905, the prime minister appointed him as president of the Board of Trade. Then, in 1908, he was named chancellor of the exchequer in the government. His 1909 budget had been called the "People's Budget" since it provided for social insurance that was partly financed by land and income taxes. This budget was rejected, however, and led to the Parliament Act of 1911. In 1915, he was appointed minister of munitions. In December 1916, he became secretary of state for was, and became the prime minister as well. His achievements in the last two years of the war included persuading the Royal Navy to introduce the convoy system and the unification of the Allied military command. After the war, he was Britain's chief delegate to the Paris Peace Conference and drafted the Versailles Treaty. | |
| 147453244 | Orlando | he was the Italian prime minister. He led the Italian presence at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919, where he demanded more territory for Italy. However, when he failed to acquire it, he was forced to tender his resignation. He supported the rise of Mussolini. However, his ideas about Mussolini changed was a Socialist leader was killed, and in 1943 he helped to overthrow Mussolini. | |
| 147453245 | Clemenceau | he was the prime minister of France. For the final year of WWI he lead France, and was one of the major voices behind the Treaty of Versailles. He was a determined wartime leader. | |
| 147453246 | Foch | he was French and he was the commander of the Ninth Army at the onset of the War during the Battle of the Marne, where he led the French counter-attack. He was then promoted and given command of the Northern Army on the Western Front. He saw service during the Somme offensive (1916), after which he was sacrificed as a French scapegoat and banished for a while to the Italian Front. He was made chief of General Staff in 1918. He was given overall control of the Allied Forces in March 1918. In spring 1918, he stopped the advance of the German forces and accepted the German surrender. He played a major advisory in the Peace Conference. | |
| 147453247 | Pan-Slavism | 19th-century movement that recognized a common ethnic background among the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe and sought to unite those peoples for the achievement of common cultural and political goals; while Austrian government was weakened by revolution, a Slav Congress was held in 1848; the movement grew, becoming popular in Russia and Turkey as well as Austria-Hungary | |
| 147453248 | Holy Alliance of Austria | a loose organization of sovereign European states formed in Paris in 1815 by Alexander I of Russia, Francis I of Austria, and Frederick William III of Prussia | |
| 147453249 | Entente Cordiale | 1904 treaty between France and Britain; they became allies because they both desired an alliance, because of their common enemy (Germany), because France needed assistance in Morocco and believed the alliance would help make amends for past conflicts, and because France did not want to become an ally to Russia; it greatly upset Germany | |
| 147453250 | Black Hand | secret Serbian military society; intended to unite Serbs in all of the territories annexed by Austria-Hungary to form an independent nation; the murderer of Franz Ferdinand was allegedly a member of this terrorist group | |
| 147453251 | Junker | was a member of the landed nobility of Prussia and eastern Germany. Those families were mostly part of the German Uradel and carried on the colonization and Christianization of the northeaster European territories during the medieval Ostsiedlung. | |
| 147453252 | U-boats | they were submarines operated by Germany. They were most effectively used in an economic warfare role by enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping. However, they were also successful fleet weapons. Their primary targets were merchant convoys bringing supplies from the British Empire and the US to the islands of Great Britain. | |
| 147453253 | Zeppelin | it is a kind of rigid airship designed by the German Count Ferdinand von __________. The German military used them as bombers and scouts. | |
| 147453254 | Armistice | it is a situation in a war where the warring parties agree to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the ending of a war, but it is more like a temporary truce and cessation of arms. | |
| 147453255 | Reparation | they were payments and transfers of property and equipment. In WWI, Germany was forced to make many of them under the Treaty of Versailles following its defeat of the war. | |
| 147453256 | Crimean War | the war fought between 1853 and 1856 mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between Russians and British, French, and Ottoman Turks; arose because of conflict in the Middle East, Russian demands to protect the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan, and Russian and French disputes over the influence of the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches in the Holy Land. | |
| 147453257 | Schlieffen Plan | German war plan written in 1905 by Count Schlieffen and put into affect in 1906; it assumed Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize once war was declared, so during this time Germany could attack France; using overwhelming force to attack France through neutral Belgium, Germany believed they could defeat the French and then focus on the Russians again | |
| 147453258 | French Plan XVII | written by Ferdinand Foch and taken up by Joseph Joffre in 1913, this plan detailed the recapture of Alsace and Lorraine; these two coal-manufacturing regions had been defeated and absorbed into Germany; it played off of élan vital, the idea that every Frenchman has a fighting spirit that can turn back the enemy; it called for the advance of French troops in Alsace and Lorraine in two wings: the South wing would take back the territories, and the north wing, depending on German movement, would advance into Germany; however, this plan did not take into consideration the possibility of Germany attacking France through Belgium | |
| 147453259 | Moroccan Crisis | there were two of them in the decade before WWI. The first one occurred from March 1905 and May 1906. It was a result of the colonial status of Morocco. The imperial rivalry of the two great powers, France, with English support on the one side and Germany on the other and disputes between these two sides caused the first crisis. The tension broke out when France reached agreements in 1904 with England and Spain regarding the basically protectorate control of the French over Morocco. This decision was not welcomed by Germany, so Germany initiated to take diplomatic actions. The tensions attained a summit when France canceled all the military leaves and Germany put up a threat to sign a defensive alliance with the Sultan. The tension of the first crisis gave rise to the second. The second crisis erupted on July 1, 1911, when the German gunboat Panther was deployed at Agadir, a port in Morocco. When the British learned about its deployment, tensions increased. Although it was resolved after a few negotiations, cold war sustained resulting finally to the WWI. | |
| 147453260 | Battle of the Marne | this occurred twice, first in 1914 and then in 1918; in the first battle, which was one of the first of WWI, a German offensive was defeated by an Allied counter-attack, and it set the stage for trench warfare; the second battle was the last major German offensive of WWI on the Western Front, which was again defeated by an Allied counter-attack | |
| 147453261 | Battle of the Somme | took place in 1916 on the banks of the Somme River; this British-French attack against German troops was a part of the larger Allied Power plan to defeat the Central Powers; the allied troops bombarded German troops, but the Germans were dug in so far that the bombardment did not reach them, in the end, it did not change the front lines at all, but there were 1.5 million casualties | |
| 147453262 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | it brought about the end of the war between Russia and Germany on March 3rd, 1918. It took nine weeks of discussion without agreement, and it wasn't until Germany was ordered to resume its march of advance into Russia did the Russian government agree to the terms. It resulted in the Russians surrendering the Ukraine, Finland, the Baltic provinces, the Caucasus and Poland. | |
| 147453263 | Battle of Jutland | it was a naval battle between the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet. It was fought from May 31st-June 1st of 1916. It was fought in the North Sea near Jutland, Denmark. It was the largest naval battle of WWI. It was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war. Both sides (Britain and Germany) claimed victory. The British lost more ships and twice as many sailors, and the British press criticized the Grand Fleet's failure to force a decisive outcome. But, the German leader Sheer's plan of destroying the British fleet also failed. After this, the German's changed their tactics and put all efforts into unrestricted submarine warfare. | |
| 147453264 | 14 Points | they were the main ideas of Woodrow Wilson's Peace Program. It was presented on January 8th, 1918, to Congress. It was compiled by a group of US foreign policy experts. It contained 14 main points. When the peace negotiations began in October 1918, Wilson insisted that they should serve as a basis for the signing of the Armistice. | |
| 147453265 | Gallipoli | it was a peninsula in the Ottoman Empire. There, a campaign took place between April 25 1915 and January 9 1916. This campaign was a joint British and French operation that was mounted to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople and secure a sea route to Russia. The attempt failed, with heavy casualties on both sides. | |
| 147453266 | Lusitania | it was a ship that sailed on May 1st, 1915, from New York bound for Liverpool and was hit by a u-boat missile and sunk on May 6th. 1,153 passengers and crew drowned, 128 of them being Americans. This sinking was thought to have made a major impact on America and WWI, but America did not join the war for another two years. | |
| 147453267 | Leonard Wood | a physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of the Philippines; early in his military career, he received the Medal of Honor and he also holds officer service #2 in the Regular Army; he served in the Spanish-American War; he was an unsuccessful Republican presidential candidate in 1920 | |
| 147453268 | George Dewey | he served in the Civil War for the Union navy and helped to capture New Orleans; in 1897, he was named commander of the Asiastic Squadron thanks to his strong political allies, including Theodore Roosevelt; he launched the attack on the Spanish squadron at Cavite in Manila Bay at the start of the Spanish-American War in 1897; in May of that year, he engaged and demolished the Spanish forces, inflicting heavy casualties; he became a national hero for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay | |
| 147453269 | Emilio Aguinaldo | he was a Philippinian nationalist who was a member of the secret Katipunan brotherhood; he won several victories against the Spaniards in 1896; he agreed to exile to Hong Kong, but continued to try to fight against the Spaniards from there; in the face of the Spanish-American War, he hoped for independence for the Philippines, but did not lend troops to the American side of the war as Americans hoped he would; he declared independence for the Philippines on June 12, 1898; the United States refused to recognize his authority, so he declared war on American forces in 1899; he was captured in 1901 and forced to pledge allegiance to America | |
| 147453270 | Horatio Alger | he was a writer of juvenile fiction. His stories held the theme of rags to riches. In his books, youth would win fame by having virtues of honesty, diligence, and perseverance. His more than 100 novels had a large affect on the youth of that time period because they emphasized merit rather than success as a way of determining social status. | |
| 147453271 | John Hay | he was a private secretary to Abraham Lincoln and was the co-author of Lincoln's biography, which was published in 1890; he served as a diplomat overseas after the Civil War; in 1870 he joined the board of the New York Tribune and then published the Pike Country Ballads; he was an assistant Secretary of State under Rutherford B. Hayes; he was an ambassador to Britain during the Spanish-American War under both President McKinley and President Roosevelt; he was involved in establishing the "Open Door" policy with China and negotiated the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty | |
| 147453272 | Elihu Root | he was a lawyer and statesman and when he opened his own practice in New York in 1867 he became a leading corporation leader. An active member of the Republican Party, he became a legal advisor for Theodore Roosevelt. In 1899 he was appointed the Secretary of War by President McKinley. After McKinley's assassination, he served under Roosevelt. He reorganised the United States Army and created a governmental structure for Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. After leaving the post in 1909 Root was elected as a Republican Party senator for New York. The following year he became president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912 and after the First World War was a staunch advocate of the League of Nations. | |
| 147453273 | William Gorgas | he was a U.S. army surgeon and he served in the US Army for many years. He was in charge of the sanitation measures with the army's medical corps in Havana in 1898, where he conducted experiments on mosquito transmission of yellow fever. He effectively eliminated yellow fever from the area. He was then sent to Panama in 1904 where he eradicated yellow fever in the Canal Zone and brought malaria under control, removing the chief obstacles to the building of the Panama Canal. He then became the surgeon general of the army from 1914 to 1918. | |
| 147453274 | Cipriano Castro | he was a Venezuelan soldier and dictator. His nickname was the Lion of the Andes, and he was the first person to rule from the mountains. He ruled for nine corrupt years from 1899-1908. During those years he embezzled fast sums of money and lived as an extraordinary libertine. He was deposed by his lieutenant Juan Vicente Gomez who was even more ruthless then he was. His rule was marked by frequent rebellions, the murder or exile of his opponents, his own extravagant living, and trouble with other nations. When he refused to make payments on foreign debts, British, German, and Italian ships set up a blockade in 1902 to force payments. This issue was eventually resolved through arbitration. | |
| 147453275 | Lincoln Steffans | he was a journalist, lecturer, and political philosopher. He was a leading figure among writers whom Theodore Roosevelt called muckrakers. He began his journalist career at the New York Evening Post, later becoming an editor of McClure's magazine. He became part of a celebrated muckraking trio, along with Ida Tarbell and Ray Stannard Baker. He specialized in investigating government and political corruption. One of his more famous pieces, The Shame of the Cities, sought to bring about political reform in urban America by appealing to the emotions of Americans. After a visit to the Soviet Union, he developed an enthusiasm for Communism. | |
| 147453276 | Henry Demarest Lloyd | he was a progressive political activist and a muckraking journalist. He was a member of the Young Men's Municipal Reform Association, which helped to overthrow William Tweed. He became the chief editor of the Chicago Tribune in 1880 and his writing was influenced by the ideas of Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Christian Socialist in Britain. He published a series of articles eposing corruption in business and politics, which caused a stir, making him descrived as America's first investigate journalist. After resiging from the Chicago Tribune in 1885, he took part in a campaign to bring an end to child labor and to achieve clemency for the men accused of Haymarket Bombing. He was also a strong supported of women's suffrage and the trade union movement. He became a leading figure in the reform movement and influenced a generation of political activists. | |
| 147453277 | Thorstein Veblen | he was a college professor who taught at the University of Chicago, Standford, the University of Missouri, and at the New School for Social Research in New York from 1892 to 1926. He identified tensions in contemporary society between acquisition, display and a technocratic management. His writings encompassed social mores, phenomenology, business structures, the interaction of commerce and universities, the the US and German imperialism. He is best known for his 1899 Theory of the Leisure Class, which was responsible for introducing conspicuous consumption into the sociological and economic literature of sumptuary law. He also wrote about technocracy, during which he made a distinction between the owners of business, engineers, and other managers in industry. | |
| 147453278 | Ida Tarbell | she was a teacher, author, and journalist. She was known as one of the leading muckrakers of the progressive era. She worked in the journalism field known s investigative journalism. She is best known for her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company which was listed as No. 5 on the list of top 100 works of 20th century American journalism. She became the first person to take on the task of writing about the Standard Oil Company, creating a damning portrayal of big business. She was able to bring down the world's greatest tycoon, Rockefeller, and break up the Standard Oil monopoly. Her reporting and writing of Standard Oil was the first corporate coverage of its kind, and it attacked the business operations of Rockefeller, the best known CEO in the country at the time. Her expose fueled negative public sentiment against Standard Oil and was a contributing factor in the US government's antitrust actions against the Standard Oil Company. | |
| 147453279 | Walter Reed | he graduated from the University of Virginia at the age of 17 with a medical degree; he was accepted into the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army and was positioned in very remote outposts; after 15 years, he joined the Army Medical School in DC; in 1900 he arrived in Havana, Cuba as a part of the U.S. Army Yellow Board and he was the one to discover that mosquitoes carried the disease | |
| 147453280 | Robert LaFollette | he was a Republican US Representative from Wisconsin who supported the McKinley Tariff; in 1900, he was elected to his first of three terms of governor of Wisconsin; some of the legislature he helped to pass included greater control over railroads, modifications to the tax system, limitations on lobbying, and the institution of conservative programs; he advanced the "Wisconsin Idea," which drew on professors and other experts to help write and revise reform legislation; he became a senator in 1906 with the intention of protecting the working man; he opposed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff and the Aldrich-Vreeland bill; he helped to ratify the 17th Amendment and the Seamen's Act of 1915; he was an avid isolationist and voted against World War I; he was the driving force behind the discovery of the Harding oil scandal; he was the Progressive Party Presidential candidate in 1924 | |
| 147453281 | Hiram Johnson | one of the founders of the Progressive Party in 1912 and nominee for Vice President to Theodore Roosevelt; he served as the governor of California as well as in Congress; following Roosevelt's death in 1919, he was seen as the leader of the Progressive Party, but ran for Republican presidential in 1920 and then ran for office in 1924; he was an isolationist and opposed the League of Nations | |
| 147453282 | Charles Evans Hughes | he helped to discovery corruption in the Steven Gas and Armstrong Commissions; he became governor of New York in 1906 where he made a name for himself as a Progressive Party member; he was appointed to the US Supreme Court by President Taft in 1910; he ran for President in 1916 on the Republican ticket and was also supported by the Bull Moose Party, but lost to Woodrow Wilson; he was made Secretary of State in 1921 by Warren Harding, where he negotiated treaties at the Washington Conference on Naval Limitation of Armaments; he became the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1930 | |
| 147453283 | Henry Cabot Lodge | a conservative Republican politician who opposed Woodrow Wilson; he served in the House of Representatives as well as the Senate starting in 1887; he was not an abolitionist and supported the Spanish-American War as well as the acquisition of the Philippines; he believed America should be a diplomatic power, but that it must strengthen its armed forces before becoming one; he supported American involvement in World War I and opposed the League of Nations | |
| 147453284 | Georges Clemenceau | in 1902 he became a Republican Senator in France, and he became the Prime Minister in 1906; he was succeeded in 1909 but continued to attack Germany and militarily prepare for war; he became Prime Minister again in 1917 and formed a coalition cabinet in which he was the secretary of war as well; he persuaded the Allies to make a unified force under Ferdinand Foch and continued to support the Allies in WWI until 1918; he insisted on the complete humiliation of Germany at the Paris Peace Conferences and thought Woodrow Wilson was too lenient | |
| 147453285 | Louis Brandeis | he was the first Jew to be appointed to the Supreme Court in 1916 by Woodrow Wilson; he was introduced to Zionism around the turn of the century and became an active Zionist during World War I; he resigned from Zionist activity after an argument with another leader but continued to support the movement | |
| 147453286 | Roughriders | the most famous of all units fighting in Cuba. It was the name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Calvary under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. It had volunteers from a variety of different backgrounds, from IVY League athletes to glee-club singers, Texas Rangers, and Indians. Roosevelt commanded the group so well that they were allowed into action, unlike many other volunteer units. The Rough Riders saw battle at Las Guásimas when General Samuel B. M. Young was ordered to attack at this village, three miles north of Siboney on the way to Santiago. Although it was not important to the outcome of the war, news of the action quickly made the papers. They also made headlines for their role in the Battle of San Juan Hill, which became the stuff of legend thanks to Roosevelt's writing ability and reenactments filmed long after. | |
| 147453287 | Anti-Imperialist League | it was formed on June 15, 1898, to fight the US annexation of the Phillippines, citing a variety of reasons for their opposition ranging from economic to the legal to the racial to the moral. The former secretary of treasury, George s. Boutwell, was the president. Other members include Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, William James, David Starr Jordan, and Samuel Gompers. Following the signing of the Treaty of Paris, the group began to decline and eventually disappear. | |
| 147453288 | Teller Amendment | it was an amendment to the measure adopted by Congress on the eve of declaring war on Spain. It was enacted on April 19, 1898, in reply to William McKinely's war message. It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to this resolution, the US could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to the people." The United States did not, as pledged, annex Cuba. Occupation continued until 1902 when the Platt Amendment was inserted into the Cuban constitution in return for the withdrawal of American forces. | |
| 147453289 | Foraker Act | it was passed in 1900 by Congress and it established the governing structure of Puerto Rico. An American appointed governor was to be the executive officer of the island and he was to be advised by a two-housed legislature. The lower chamber was to be elected by the popular people, and the upper chamber was to be elected by the United States. The restrictions placed on Puerto Rico by this act caused unhappiness that lead to an independence movement. | |
| 147453290 | Philippine Insurrection | (1899-1902) it was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States. It was part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded by the Philippine Revolution and the Spanish-American War. | |
| 147453291 | Open Door Policy | following the Spanish-American War, the US became more interested in Far Eastern Affairs, and McKinley declared his desire to create an "open door" with China; this policy called for equal trading access for all nations to the Chinese market; Secretary of State John Hay pursued the proposal in 1899; no nation formally agreed to the proposal, but Hay declared it agreed upon | |
| 147453292 | Boxer Rebellion | (1899-1900) it was lead by groups of peasants in China. In 1898 these northern Chinese peasants began to band together in a secret society. Members of the secret society practiced boxing (earning them their Western name "The Boxers") and calisthenic rituals. At first the boxers wanted to destroy the Ch'ing Dynasty and wanted to rid China of foreign influence. When they were backed by the empress, they turned to wanting to rid China of foreigners. In late 1899, bands of Boxers were massacring Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians. By May 1900, it had come out of the countryside and was being waged in the capital of Peking (now Beijing). To help their fellow countrymen and to protect their interests in China, an international force of 2,100 American, British, Russian, French, Italian, and Japanese soldiers were sent to subdue the "rebellion." On June 18, 1900, the Empress Dowager ordered all foreigners to be killed. Several foreign ministers and their families were killed before the international force could protect them. On August 14, 1900, the international force took Peking and subdued the rebellion. | |
| 147453293 | Hay-Paunceforte Treaty | (November 1901) it was the result of a series of negotiations between the U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and the British Ambassador to Washington Lard Paunceforte that ended with the creation of a canal in Central America. Agreement was hard to come by but the final treaty called for the U.S. to be allowed to construct and manage a Central American Canal, the U.S. was to guarantee the neutrality of the canal was authorized to fortify the area if necessary, and the canal was to be open to all nations with fair and equal rates. | |
| 147453294 | Panama Revolt | it occurred on November 3, 1903, after the Colombian senate voted to reject a treaty that would have given the United States broad control over a canal. So, the Panamanians launched a revolt. They were led by two groups: officials of the Panama Railroad, held by the French-owned New Panama Canal Company, which sought to benefit financially form selling the rights to build a canal; and leaders of the oligarchy, who hoped for political control of the area once free from Colombia's rule. The rebels were quickly victorious, aided by the presence of American warships sent to intimidate Colombia. On November 6, Roosevelt recognized the new Panamanian regime led by Manuel Amador. The new government quickly signed a treaty granting all concessions sought by Roosevelt, permitting construction of the Panama Canal. | |
| 147453295 | Roosevelt Corollary | it was announced on December 6th, 1904, and was an extension to the Monroe Doctrine. It was written in response to the developing crisis in the Dominican Republic, where the government stopped payments on its debts of more than $32 million to various nations. This change in policy was deemed necessary because of a desire to avoid having European powers come to the Western Hemisphere for the purpose of collecting debts. The US feared that these powers would enter the conflict and remain as occupying powers. This worried the US because they were trying to construct the canal and Panama and did not want conflict to get in the way of it. Roosevelt felt that the United States has a "moral mandate" to enforce proper behavior among the nations of Latin America. This change to the Monroe Doctrine by Roosevelt was used as justification for the U.S. intervention in Latin America. Public response in the US was generally favorable. But in Latin America, as time went on and the U.S. routinely intervened, attitudes changed sharply and the north became viewed with increased distrust. | |
| 147453296 | Moroccan Crisis | there were two of them in the decade before WWI. The first one occured from March 1905 and May 1906. It was a resultant of the colonial status of Morocco. The imperial rivalry of the two great powers, France, with English support on the one side and Germany on the other and disputes between these two sides caused the first crisis. The tension broke out when France reached agreements in 1904 with England and Spain regarding the basically protectorate control of the French over Morocco. This decision was not welcomed by Germany, so Germany initiated to take diplomatic actions. The tensions attained a summit when France canceled all the military leaves and Germany put up a threat to sign a defensive alliance with the Sultan. The tension of the first crisis gave rise to the second. The second crisis erupted on July 1, 1911, when the German gunboat Panther was deployed at Agadir, a port in Morocco. When the British learned about its deployment, tensions increased. Although it was resolved after a few negotiations, cold war sustained resulting finally to the WWI. | |
| 147453297 | Hague Disarmament Conference | it occurred in May of 1899 with the summons called by Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. It was attended by 26 nations. The conference had the aim of charting a course toward disarmament and placing limitations on the means of conducting warfare. Unfortunately, varying aims of the participating nations made agreement impossible. One positive achievement emerged from the gathering: provisions were made for the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, a body that would render binding decisions on international disputes between cooperating nations. | |
| 147453298 | Russo-Japanese War | it was a military conflict from 1904-1905 in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. It developed out of the rivalry between Russia and Japan dominance in Korea and Manchuria. In 1898 Russia had pressured China into granting it lease for the port of Port Arthur at the tip of the Liaotung Peninsula, in Southern Manchuria. Russia thereby entered into occupation of the peninsula, even though, in concert with other European powers, it had forced Japan to relinquish just such a right after the latter's decisive victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95. Also, in 1896, Russia made an alliance with China against Japan and won rights to extend the Trans-Siberian Railroad across Chinese-held Manchuria, gaining control of an important strip of Manchurian territory. Meanwhile, Japan was steadily expanding its army and by 1904 had gained a marked superiority over Russia in troops in the far east. The war began on February 8th, 1904, when the main Japanese fleet launched a surprise attack and siege on the Russian naval squadron at Port Arthur. | |
| 147453299 | Peace of Portsmouth | it formally ended the Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905, after negotiations at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine. In accordance with the treaty, both Japan and Russia agreed to evacuate Manchuria and return its sovereignty to China. In it, Japan was leased the Liadong Peninsula that contained Port Arthur and Talien and the Russian rail system in southern Manchuria. Japan also received the southern half of the Island of Sakhalin from Russia. Although Japan gained a great deal from the treaty, it was not nearly as much as the Japanese public had been led to expect, since Japan's initial negotiating position had demanded much more. | |
| 147453300 | "Yellow peril" | it was a mean color stereotype for race and it referred to Chinese laborers who immigrated to various Western countries, notably the United States. It refers to the skin color of East Asians and the belief that the mass of immigration threatened white wages and standards of living. | |
| 147453301 | "Muckrakers" | they were a group of writers who exposed social and political evils in the United States. They wrote about such problems as child labor, prostitution, racial discrimination, and corruption in business and government. President Theodore Roosevelt gave them their label because he felt they were concerned only with turning up filth. But, these writes increased public awareness of social problems and forced the government and businesses to work to solve them. Nearly all of them were journalists who wrote for inexpensive monthly magazines. | |
| 147453302 | Panic of 1907 | in the summer of 1907, the American economy was showing sins of weakness as a number of businesses and Wall Street brokerages went bankrupt. The spark to the panic was when in October of 1907 the Knickerbocker Trust and the Westinghouse Electric Company both failed. In the wake of the initial business collapses, stock market prices plummeted and depositors made a massive run on the nation's banks. The U.S. treasury pumped millions of dollars into weak banks in the hope of saving them, but the string of collapsed institutions lengthened. The joint effort of the government and business leaders improved conditions markedly over the course of several weeks. Following, the reform elements gradually gained the upper hand and an emerging consensus affirmed that thorough bank reform was necessary to provide badly needed currency elasticity and the general soundness of the banking system. | |
| 147453303 | Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | it was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York. It happened on March 25, 1911. It caused the death of 146 garment workers, who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. Most of the victims were recent immigrant Jewish women aged 16-23. Many of the workers could not escape the burning building because the managers had locked the doors to the stairwells and exits. This event led to the legislation requiring improved safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better conditions for sweatshop workers. | |
| 147453304 | Square Deal | it was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations ,and consumer protection. Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the extreme demands of organized labor. One of the major elements of this was the promotion of anti-trust suits. During Roosevelt's administration, the federal government initiated actions against 44 major corporations. | |
| 147453305 | Elkins Act | 1903 amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act; it ended the common practice of giving rebates to usual customers and rates must be published; this was fairly popular legislation because the general public was tired of the corruption within the railroads; both the shipper and the railroad would be liable for persecution when violated | |
| 147453306 | "Trust busting" | President Roosevelt's policy of persecuting monopolies/trusts that violated antitrust law; added momentum to the Progressivism movement and marked a change in law enforcement | |
| 147453307 | Hepburn Act | 1906 amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act; it increased the Interstate Commerce Commission from 5 to 7 members and gave them the power to publish maximum rates; it restricted the use of free passes and required the adoption of uniform accounting practices; it brought other common carriers (businesses that transport goods/information for a fee) under ICC jurisdiction; in appeals, it placed the burden of proof on shippers not on the ICC | |
| 147453308 | "Tennis cabinet" | President Roosevelt often played one of his favorite sports, tennis, with younger members of his staff; this is what those men were often called | |
| 147453309 | 16th Amendment | ratified in 1913, this gave the Congress power to lay and collect taxes from any source without apportionment among states and without regard to the census | |
| 147453310 | Underwood-Simmons Tariff | passed in 1913 during Wilson's presidency, this enacted a reduction in tariffs and added a gradual income tax to make up for lost tariff revenue | |
| 147453311 | New Freedom | President Wilson's collective democratic reform policies that were enacted during his presidency (1912-1916); he was able to enact these various reforms with little political opposition because of a democratic majority in the federal government; some of the reforms included the reduction of tariffs, the reform of the banking system, and the strengthening of the Sherman Antitrust Act | |
| 147453312 | FDA | an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services that is responsible for protecting and advancing public health; it came into existence when President Roosevelt signed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906; Harvey Washington Wiley was the first Commissioner and the organization was first a part of the Bureau of Chemistry | |
| 147453313 | Federal Trade Commission Act | started the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a commission of 5 members, in 1914; gave Congress more flexibility in judicial matters; it was authorized to issue "Cease and Desist" orders to large corporations to curb unfair trade practices | |
| 147453314 | Clayton Anti-trust Act | a 1914 amendment to the Sherman Antitrust Act; drafted by Henry De Lamar Clayton, it prohibited exclusive sales contracts, local price cutting to freeze out competitors, rebates, and intercorporate stock holdings; labor unions and agricultural cooperatives were excluded; it prohibited the use of injunction against labor and permitted peaceful protests, strikes, and boycotts; it declared labor as "not a commodity or article of commerce" | |
| 147453315 | Federal Farm Loan Act | developed by democrats to keep farmers' votes in 1916; established 12 Farm Loan Banks that would grant loans to farmers and agricultural cooperatives, and land could be used as collateral | |
| 147453316 | Workingmen's Compensation Act | passed in 1916, it extended partial coverage to injured federal workers | |
| 147453317 | Adamson Act | established 8-hour workdays and overtime-pay guidelines for railway workers; passed in 1916 partially because of appeals by President Wilson; railway unions were threatening to strike, which he feared would hurt the economy and create domestic conflict as America was entering the war | |
| 147453318 | Tampico Incident | in April, 1914, American soldiers on the U.S.S. Dolphin were arrested for being in Mexican territory; US naval commander Henry Mayo was upset, and demanded the Mexican government to punish the officials that arrested the American soldiers and to formally salute the American flag within 24 hours; the Mexicans were unwilling to salute the American flag, although they were willing to apologize, but President Wilson insisted on the salute; Wilson asked Congress for permission to use the armed forces to solve the issue and Congress agreed; a force of US marines were sent to Veracruz, which led to the overthrow of the Mexican dictator Huerta; the Zimmerman Telegram in 1917 escalated Mexican-American conflict | |
| 147453319 | "Watchful waiting" | Wilson's policy of simply watching Mexican chaos unfold during the 1913 coup; after Huerta arrested and killed Madero and seized office, Wilson refused to recognize the legitimacy of the new government and wanted to host a popular election; Huerta refused, and this policy was put in place |
