University of the Pacific, Land
Prokaryotes Powerpoint
Campbell 9/e, Chapter 27
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| 965640126 | cocci | prokaryotic cell shape, spherical | 0 | |
| 965640127 | bacilli | prokaryotic cell shape, rod-shaped | 1 | |
| 965640128 | spiral | prokaryotic cell shape, squiggly | 2 | |
| 965640129 | gram-stain | gram-positive = purple/blue gram-negative = red/pink crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin | 3 | |
| 965640130 | capsule | covers cell wall, sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein | 4 | |
| 965640131 | fimbriae/pili | allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony | 5 | |
| 965640132 | flagella | finger-like projection, used for motility, rotating motion rather than whipping | 6 | |
| 965640133 | basal apparatus | rotor for the flagella, uses methylation and demethylation to crank the flagella | 7 | |
| 965640134 | taxis | the ability to move toward or away from a certain stimuli | 8 | |
| 965640135 | prokaryotic genome | ring of DNA, not surrounded by a membrane, located in nucleoid region | 9 | |
| 965640136 | plasmids | small rings of DNA | 10 | |
| 965640137 | binary fission | mode of reproduction (asexual) for prokaryotes, fast | 11 | |
| 965640138 | endospores | structure that allows the cell to go dormant and be resistant to harsh environments for an extremely long period of time; the prokaryote copies its chromosome, surrounds it with a tough multilayered structure, removes water, and lyses to release the endospore; ex: Bacillus and Clostridium | 12 | |
| 965640139 | Bacillus cereus | can form endospores, usually found in rice, produces substances that cause food poisoning | 13 | |
| 965640140 | transformation | the genotype and maybe phenotype of a prokaryote are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings | 14 | |
| 965640141 | transduction | a prokaryote receives a new piece of DNA from a phage (virus that infects bacteria) | 15 | |
| 965640142 | conjugation | DNA is transferred between two prokaryotes while they are temporarily jointed | 16 | |
| 965640143 | photoautotrophy | light for energy, CO2 for carbon (ex: photosynthetic prokaryotes, some algae) | 17 | |
| 965640144 | chemoautotrophy | inorganic chemicals for energy, CO2 for carbon (ex: prokaryotes like Sulfolobus) | 18 | |
| 965640145 | Sulfolobus | chemoautotroph | 19 | |
| 965640146 | Photoheterotrophy | light for energy, organic compounds for carbon (ex: Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus) | 20 | |
| 965640147 | Rhodobacter | photoheterotroph | 21 | |
| 965640148 | Chloroflexus | photoheterotroph | 22 | |
| 965640149 | chemoheterotrophy | organic compounds for energy and carbon (ex: animals, fungi, protists, some plants, Clostridium) | 23 | |
| 965640150 | Clostridium | forms endospores, gram-positive, chemoheterotroph | 24 | |
| 965640151 | Bacillus | forms endospores, gram-positive, rod-shaped | 25 | |
| 965640152 | Staphylococcus | gram-positive | 26 | |
| 965640153 | Streptococcus | gram-positive | 27 | |
| 965640154 | E. coli | gram-negative | 28 | |
| 965640155 | Salmonella | gram-negative | 29 | |
| 965640156 | Enterobacter | gram-negative | 30 | |
| 965640157 | obligate aerobes | require oxygen | 31 | |
| 965640158 | facultative anaerobes | can survive with or without oxygen, prefer no oxygen | 32 | |
| 965640159 | obligate anaerobes | are poisoned by oxygen | 33 | |
| 965640160 | nitrogen fixation | form of nitrogen metabolism where atmospheric nitrogen is converted to usable ammonia | 34 | |
| 965640161 | Rhizobium | alpha proteobacteria, nitrogen fixer, grows on roots of legumes, Rhizobium and plants share nitrogen molecules and fixed carbon | 35 | |
| 965640162 | nitrogenase | enzyme that makes organic nitrogen, trying to introduce gene for enzyme into plants | 36 | |
| 965640163 | Anaebaena | cyanobacterium, photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells chained together and share metabolic products, nitrogen-fixing cells are heterocysts | 37 | |
| 965640164 | biofilms | surface coating colony, large colonies of slimy sticky bacteria with slime layers | 38 | |
| 965640165 | Nitrosomonas | beta proteobacteria | 39 | |
| 965640166 | Chromatium | beta or gamma proteobacteria | 40 | |
| 965640167 | Thiomargarita namibiensis | gamma proteobacteria | 41 | |
| 965640168 | Chondromyces crocatus | delta proteobacteria | 42 | |
| 965640169 | Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus | delta proteobacteria, fire at and drill into prey bacteria | 43 | |
| 965640170 | Helicobacter pylori | epsilon proteobacteria | 44 | |
| 965640171 | Chlamydias | major group of bacteria, parasites within animal cells, gram-negative, no PG walls (ex: Chalmydia trachomatis, causes blindness and STD) *STD | 45 | |
| 965640172 | Spirochetes | major group of bacteria, helical hetertrophs, rotate to move (drill through environment) *spiral=spirochete | 46 | |
| 965640173 | Leptospira | spirochete | 47 | |
| 965640174 | Cyanobacteria | photoautorophs, only plant-like, oxygen-generating photosynthesis performing prokaryotes (ex: phytoplankton) | 48 | |
| 965640175 | Gram-positive bacteria | one of the two largest and most diverse groups of bacteria (other one is proteobacteria), thick PG layer | 49 | |
| 965640176 | Streptomyces | gram-positive, gave first antibiotics | 50 | |
| 965640177 | Archaea | kingdom of prokaryotes, share traits with eukaryotes and bacteria, often found in extreme environments no nuclear envelope (bacteria), no organelles (bacteria), no PG (eukaryotes), multiple kinds of RNA polymerase (eukaryotes), histones (eukaryotes) | 51 | |
| 965640178 | extremophiles | love extreme conditions | 52 | |
| 965640179 | Extreme halophiles | live in highly saline (salty) environments, "halo-" = halogens from salts | 53 | |
| 965640180 | Extreme thermophiles | live in very hot environments | 54 | |
| 965640181 | methanogens | produce methane as a waste product, live in swamps and marshes | 55 | |
| 965640182 | Chemohetertrophic prokaryotes | decomposers; break down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products | 56 | |
| 965640183 | symbiotic relationships | two species live in close contact with each other, organisms living in and on other organisms | 57 | |
| 965640184 | host | larger partner in a symbiotic relationship | 58 | |
| 965640185 | symbiont | smaller partner in a symbiotic relationship | 59 | |
| 965640186 | mutualism | win-win symbiotic relationship, both parties benefit | 60 | |
| 965640187 | commensalism | win-meh symbiotic relationship, one party benefits and the other is unaffected | 61 | |
| 965640188 | parasitism | win-lose symbiotic relationship, one party benefits and the other suffers | 62 | |
| 965640189 | pathogens | parasites that cause disease, prokaryotes cause about half of all human diseases | 63 | |
| 965640190 | exotoxins | poisonous proteins secreted by certain bacteria and organisms | 64 | |
| 965640191 | endotoxins | LPS components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, released only when the cell walls break down or the cell dies | 65 | |
| 965640192 | bioremediation | the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment | 66 |
