Chapters 6, 7, and 11 of Introduction to Psychology by James. W. Kalat 9th edition.
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| 1760305995 | information-processing model | compares human memory to that of a computer: information that enters the system is processed, coded, and stored | 0 | |
| 1760305996 | short-term memory | 1.temporary storage of recent events 2. information that is currently being used | 1 | |
| 1760305997 | long-term memory | 1. a relatively permanent storage 2. information that is stored for later retrieval | 2 | |
| 1760305998 | semantic memory | memory of principles and facts and a type of declarative/long term memory | 3 | |
| 1760305999 | episodic memory | memory for specific events in your life (episodes) and a type of declarative/long term memory | 4 | |
| 1760306000 | source amnesia | forgetting where or how you learned something | 5 | |
| 1760306001 | chunking | grouping items into meaningful sequences of clusters | 6 | |
| 1760306002 | consolidate | converting a short term memory into a long term memory | 7 | |
| 1760306003 | temporary memory storage | information you are using at the moment | 8 | |
| 1760306004 | working memory | a system for working with current information | 9 | |
| 1760306005 | phonological loop | stores and rehearses speech information, enables you to repeat seven or so unrelated items immediately after hearing them | 10 | |
| 1760306006 | visuospatial sketchpad | temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial information, recognizing pictures or imagining what an object looks like from another angle | 11 | |
| 1760306007 | central executive | governs shifts of attention | 12 | |
| 1760306008 | episodic buffer | binds together the various parts of a meaningful experience | 13 | |
| 1760306009 | primary effect | the tendency to remember well the first items | 14 | |
| 1760306010 | recency effect | tendency to remember the final items | 15 | |
| 1760306011 | levels-of-principle | how easily you retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations you form | 16 | |
| 1760306012 | retrieval cues | 1. reminders, associations to memories 2. bits of information that help you to regain complex memories for later use 3. associations formed at the time of learning are the most effective retrieval cues | 17 | |
| 1760306013 | encoding specificity principle | the associations you form at the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues later | 18 | |
| 1760306014 | state-dependent memory | the tendency to remember something better if you body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning | 19 | |
| 1760306015 | mnemonic device | any memory aid that relies on encoding each time in a special way | 20 | |
| 1760306016 | method of loci | first you memorize a series of places, and then you use a vivd image to associate each location with something you want to remember | 21 | |
| 1767601400 | reconstruct | when we try to retrieve a memory, we reconstruct an account based partly on surviving memories and partly on our expectations of what must have happened | 22 | |
| 1767601401 | hindsight bias | tendency to mold our recollection of the past to fit how events later turned out | 23 | |
| 1767601402 | recovered memories | reports of long-lost memories, prompted by clinical techniques | 24 | |
| 1767601403 | repression | the process of moving an unbearably unacceptable memory or impulse from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind | 25 | |
| 1767601404 | dissociation | memory that one has stored but cannot retrieve | 26 | |
| 1767601405 | amnesia | loss of memory | 27 | |
| 1767601406 | hippocampus | 1. a large forebrain structure in the interior of the temporal lobe 2. critical for integration and consolidation 3. w/o it, only the learning of skills and habits, simple conditioning, and the phenomenon of priming can occur | 28 | |
| 1767601407 | anterograde amnesia | 1. inability to store new long term memories 2. difficulty learning information AFTER the brain damage | 29 | |
| 1767601408 | retrograde amnesia | loss of memory for events that occurred shortly BEFORE the brain damage | 30 | |
| 1767601409 | Korsakoff's syndrome | a condition caused by a prolonged deficiency of vitamin B usually as a result of chronic alcoholism | 31 | |
| 1767601410 | confabulations | attempts to fill in the gaps in their memory | 32 | |
| 1767601411 | alzheimer's disease | 1. condition occurring mostly in old age, characterized by increasingly severe memory loss, confusion, depression, disordered thinking and impaired attention 2. explicit memory goes first, implicit goes later 3. the brain changes, shrinks and hippocampus disappears | 33 | |
| 1767601412 | infant amnesia and childhood amnesia | 1. scarcity of early episodic memories 2. nonverbal v. verbal, hippocampus not fully developed, no sense of self, loss of retrieval cues | 34 | |
| 1767601413 | unconditioned reflexes | automatic connections between a stimulus such as food and a response such as secreting digestive fluid | 35 | |
| 1767601414 | classical conditioning / pavlovian conditioning | process by which an organism learns to new association between two stimuli - a neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response | 36 | |
| 1767601415 | unconditioned stimulus | an event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response | 37 | |
| 1767601416 | unconditioned response | an action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits | 38 | |
| 1767601417 | conditioned stimulus | response to it depends on the preceding conditions | 39 | |
| 1767601418 | conditioned response | whatever response the conditioned stimuli begins to elicit as a result of the conditioning procedure | 40 | |
| 1767601419 | acquisition | process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response | 41 | |
| 1767601420 | extinction | 1. extinguish a classically conditioned response repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus 2. occurs if the responses stop producing reinforcements | 42 | |
| 1767601421 | spontaneous recovery | temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay | 43 | |
| 1767601422 | stimulus generalization | 1. extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli 2. the more similar a new stimulus is to the original reinforced stimulus, the more likely is the same response | 44 | |
| 1767601423 | discriminate | respond differently because the two stimuli predict different outcomes | 45 | |
| 1767601424 | drug tolerance | users of certain drugs experience progressively weaker effects after taking the drugs repeatedly | 46 | |
| 1767601425 | blocking effect | the previously established association to one stimulus blocks the formation of an association to the added stimulus | 47 | |
| 1770793853 | behaviorists | 1. insist that psychologists should study only observable measurable behaviors not mental processes | 48 | |
| 1770793854 | methodological behaviorists | 1. study only the events that they can measure and observe 2. sometimes use observations of behavior to make inferences about internal events | 49 | |
| 1770793855 | intervening variable | something that we cannot directly observe but that links a variety of procedures to a variety of possible responses | 50 | |
| 1770793856 | radical behaviorists | 1. deny that hunger, fear, or other internal, private events cause behavior 2. avoid all talk of internal events as causes of behavior 3. believe that... -internal states are caused by events in the environment -the ultimate cause of behavior is therefore the observable events, not internal states -most discussions of mental states are sloppy and should be rephrased into a description of behavior | 51 | |
| 1770793857 | stimulus response psychology | the attempt to explain behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response | 52 | |
| 1770793858 | learning curve | graph of the changes in behavior that occur over the course of learning | 53 | |
| 1770793859 | reinforcement | the process of increasing the future of probability of the most recent response | 54 | |
| 1770793860 | law of effect | Of several responses made to the same situation those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur | 55 | |
| 1770793861 | operant / instrumental conditioning | process of changing behavior by providing a reinforcement after a response | 56 | |
| 1770793862 | difference b/w operant and instrumental conditioning | In operant conditioning, the subject's behavior produces an outcome that affects future behavior. In classical conditioning, the subject's behavior has no effect on the outcome. | 57 | |
| 1770793863 | visceral responses | responses of the internal organs | 58 | |
| 1770793864 | skeletal responses | movements of leg muscles, arm muscles, etc. | 59 | |
| 1770793865 | reinforcer | an event that follows a response and increases the later probability or frequency of that response | 60 | |
| 1770793866 | disequilibrium principle | 1. each of us had a normal "equilibrium" state in which we divide our time among various activities. If you have had a limited opportunity to increase that behavior, getting back to equilibrium, will be reinforcing 2. people have a preferred pattern of dividing time between various activities and if the person is removed form that patter a return to it will be reinforcing | 61 | |
| 1770793867 | primary reinforcers | 1. reinforcing because of their own properties (unconditioned reinforcers) 2. meet primary biological needs and are found to be reinforcing for almost everyone (food and drink) | 62 | |
| 1770793868 | secondary reinforcers | 1. became reinforcing because of previous experiences (conditioned reinforcers) 2. effective because they have become associated with primary reinforcers (money and grades) | 63 | |
| 1770793869 | punishment | decreases the probability of a response | 64 | |
| 1770793870 | positive reinforcement | the presentation of an event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior | 65 | |
| 1770793871 | passive avoidance learning | the individual learns to avoid an outcome by being passive | 66 | |
| 1770793872 | negative reinforcement | kind of reinforcement and therefore increases the frequency of a behavior, negative b/c it is the absence of something | 67 | |
| 1770793873 | escape learning | response stops an outcome | 68 | |
| 1770793874 | avoidance learning | prevents the outcome altogether | 69 | |
| 1770793875 | negative punishment | punishment by avoiding something good | 70 | |
| 1770793876 | omission training | the omission of response leads to restoration of the usual privileges | 71 | |
| 1770793877 | discrimination | 1. if reinforcement occurs for responding to one stimulus and not another yielding a response to one stimulus and not other 2. process of learning to respond differently to two stimuli because they produce two different outcomes | 72 | |
| 1770793878 | discriminative stimulus | a stimulus that indicates which response is appropriate or inappropriate | 73 | |
| 1770793879 | stimulus control | the ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others | 74 | |
| 1770793880 | shaping | establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations to it | 75 | |
| 1770793881 | chaining | reinforcing each response with the opportunity to engage in the next one | 76 | |
| 1770793882 | continuous reinforcement | provide reinforcement for every correct response | 77 | |
| 1770793883 | intermittent reinforcement | reinforcement for some responses for some responses and not for others | 78 | |
| 1770793884 | schedules of reinforcement | rules for the delivery of reinforcement | 79 | |
| 1770793885 | fixed ratio schedule | provides reinforcement only after a certain number of correct responses | 80 | |
| 1770793886 | variable ratio schedule | reinforcement occurs after a variable number of correct responses | 81 | |
| 1770793887 | fixed-interval schedule | provides reinforcement for the first response after a specific time interval | 82 | |
| 1770793888 | variable-interval schedule | reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time | 83 | |
| 1770793889 | applied behavior analysis / behavior modification | a psychologist tries to remove the reinforcers for unwanted behaviors and provides reinforcers for more acceptable behaviors | 84 | |
| 1770793890 | preparedness | concept that evolution has prepared us to learn some associations more easily than others | 85 | |
| 1770793891 | conditioned taste aversion | associating a food with illness | 86 | |
| 1770793892 | sensitive period | learns most readily during this early in the first year of life | 87 | |
| 1770793893 | social-learning approach | we learn about many behaviors by observing the behaviors of others | 88 | |
| 1770793894 | vicarious reinforcement / vicarious punishment | substituting someone else's experience for your own | 89 | |
| 1770793895 | self-efficancy | the belief of being able to perform the task successfully | 90 | |
| 1770793896 | motivation | 1. the process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome 2. set of energetic forces that originates both within as well as beyond an individual's being, to initiate related behavior, and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration | 91 | |
| 1770793897 | drive | a state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior after another until one of them removes the irritation | 92 | |
| 1770793898 | homeostasis | maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions within an organism | 93 | |
| 1770793899 | incentives | external stimuli that pulls us toward certain actions | 94 | |
| 1771609572 | intrinsic motivation | motivation to do act for its own sake | 95 | |
| 1771609573 | extrinsic motivation | based on the reinforcements and punishments that the act may bring | 96 | |
| 1771609574 | overjustification effect | when people receive more extrinsic motivation than necessary to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines | 97 | |
| 1771609575 | hierarchy of needs | an organization from the most insistent needs to the ones that receive attention only when all others are under control | 98 | |
| 1771609576 | self-actualization | need of recreative activities to fulfill your potential | 99 | |
| 1771609577 | glucose | the most abundant sugar in your blood is an important source of energy for the body and almost the only source for the brain | 100 | |
| 1771609578 | insulin | increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into the body cells | 101 | |
| 1771609579 | set point | a level that the body works to maintain | 102 | |
| 1771609580 | leptin | a hormone that the body's fat cells release in amounts proportional to their mass | 103 | |
| 1771609581 | obesity | the excessive accumulation of body fat | 104 | |
| 1771609582 | anorexia nervosa | a condition in which someone refuses to eat enough to maintain a stable weight, intensely fears gaining weight and misperceives his or her body as fatter than it actually is | 105 | |
| 1771609583 | bulimia nervosa | alternate between self-deprivation and periods of excessive eating when they feel they have lost their ability to control themselves | 106 | |
| 1771609584 | AIDS | a sexually transmitted disease that attack the body's immune system | 107 | |
| 1771609585 | gender identity | the sex that a person regards him or herself as being | 108 | |
| 1771609586 | testosterone | genetic male fetuses secrete higher levels of the hormone | 109 | |
| 1771609587 | estrogen | hormone increases in females | 110 | |
| 1771609588 | intersexes | people with an anatomy that appears intermediate b/w male and female | 111 | |
| 1771609589 | sexual orientation | someone's tendency to respond sexually to male or female partners or both or neither | 112 | |
| 1771609590 | bisexuality | attraction to both sexes | 113 | |
| 1771609591 | mere measurement effect | simply estimating your probability of doing some desirable activity increases your probability of that action | 114 | |
| 1771609592 | need for achievement | feeling good when accomplishing something they weren't sure they could achieve | 115 | |
| 1771609593 | scientific-management approach / theory X | most employees are lazy, indifferent, and uncreative | 116 | |
| 1771609594 | human-relations approach / theory Y | employees like variety in their job, a sense of accomplishment, and a sense of responsibility | 117 | |
| 1771609595 | transformational leader | articulates a vision of the future, intellectually stimulates subordinates, and motivates them to use their imagination to advance the organization | 118 | |
| 1771609596 | transactional leader | tries to make the organization more efficient at doing what is it already doing by providing rewards for effective work | 119 | |
| 1773186124 | memory | encoding retention and recall of events, information and procedures | 120 | |
| 1773186125 | free recall | produce the information to be recalled | 121 | |
| 1773186126 | cued recall | recall info using cues given | 122 | |
| 1773186127 | recognition | choose the correct item out of a list | 123 | |
| 1773186128 | savings | compare times of learning and relearning | 124 | |
| 1773186129 | explicit memory / direct memory | conscious recollection of previous information, hippocampus | 125 | |
| 1773186130 | implicit memory / indirect memory | previous information influences behavior without conscious awareness of it | 126 | |
| 1773186131 | declarative memory | 1. memories for facts and a type of explicit memory 2. info that happened in the past | 127 | |
| 1773186132 | procedural memory | memories of motor skills and a type of implicit memory | 128 | |
| 1773186133 | Baddeley's Model of Working Memory | Central Executive: 1. visuospatial sketchpad 2. episodic buffer: ties the loop and sketchpad together 3. phonological loop: thought speech, used to maintain info for a short time and for rehearsal | 129 | |
| 1773186134 | innocence project | national litigation and public policy organization dedicated to exonerating wrongfully convicted individuals through DNA testing and reforming the criminal justice system to prevent future injustice | 130 | |
| 1773186135 | Loftus and Palmer (1974) | participants shown video of an accident b/w two cars and asked how fast were the cars going when they ran into each other | 131 | |
| 1773186136 | encoding processes | creating an acoustic code, semantic code, visual code | 132 | |
| 1773186137 | levels of processing principle | the ease with which we retrieve memories depends on the number and type of associations we form with them | 133 | |
| 1773186138 | superficial processing | repeating the material you're trying to memorize | 134 | |
| 1773186139 | deeper processing | think about each item or each part of the material | 135 | |
| 1773186140 | still deeper processing | note the associations between the items or parts of the material | 136 | |
| 1773186141 | SPAR | Survey, Process meaningfully, Ask questions, Review | 137 | |
| 1773186142 | Mnemonics | techniques meant to help memorize and organize information, acronyms and acrostics, method of loci, keyword system | 138 | |
| 1773186143 | Flashbulb memories | events that are particularly surprising or arousing will yield this | 139 | |
| 1773186144 | context dependent memory | easier to remember an event in the same environment in which it was learned | 140 | |
| 1773186145 | state dependent memory | easier to remember an even in the same physiological state in which is it was learned | 141 | |
| 1773186146 | "photographic" memory | usually the visual component of normal memory, no good evidence | 142 | |
| 1773186147 | Eidetic Memory | extremely detailed memory, extremely high precision for at least a few minutes | 143 | |
| 1773186148 | interference | memories compete with other memories making the target memory harder to recall | 144 | |
| 1773186149 | proactive interference | when an old memory makes it more difficult to remember a new memory | 145 | |
| 1773186150 | retroactive interference | when new information interferes with your ability to remember previously learned information | 146 | |
| 1773186151 | forgetting | interference, decay, loss of retrieval cues | 147 | |
| 1773186152 | decay | memory is weakened with disuse, weakening is caused by the passage of time (can't measure b/c you can't prevent someone from remembering or recalling something) | 148 | |
| 1773186153 | loss of retrieval cues | 1. memory is still stored but is unable to be accessed 2. can't recall one memory out of all the memories we have | 149 | |
| 1773186154 | "false" memories | report of something that did not happen but is believed to be a memory by the reporter | 150 | |
| 1773186155 | transience | tendency to forget facts or events over time | 151 | |
| 1773186156 | absent-mindedness | occurs when you don't pay close enough attention to what you are doing or hearing | 152 | |
| 1773186157 | blocking | temporary inability to retrieve a memory, occurs when a memory is properly stored in your brain but something keeps you from finding it | 153 | |
| 1773186158 | misattribution | occurs when you recall something accurately in part, but incorrectly recall some detail | 154 | |
| 1773186159 | suggestibility | vulnerability of memory to the power of suggestion | 155 | |
| 1773186160 | learning | change in behavior or potential for future behavior, as a result of experience | 156 | |
| 1773186161 | structuralism | learning about people by asking them what is going on in their heads - introspection | 157 | |
| 1773186162 | stimulus-response psychology | can explain all animal behavior and therefore human behavior (Jacque Loeb) | 158 | |
| 1773186163 | assumptions of behaviorism | 1. determinism is true 2. mental explanations are ineffective 3. the most powerful influence on behavior are outcomes provided by the environment (nurture over nature) 4. the environment selects and perpetuates successful behaviors | 159 | |
| 1773186164 | classical conditioning | process of linking an involuntary response and a neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus now causes the involuntary response | 160 | |
| 1773186165 | Ivan Pavlov | 1. Russian scientist who won nobel prize for his research on digestion 2. conditioned reflex... dogs salivating | 161 | |
| 1773186166 | blocking effects | suggests that it is difficult to condition the same response in an animal to more than one stimulus | 162 | |
| 1773186167 | operant conditioning | modifying an existing behavior's frequency by changing that behavior's consequences or by following a response with a reinforcement or punishment | 163 | |
| 1773186168 | premack principle | states that the opportunity to engage in a frequent and desired behavior can be a reinforcer for a less frequent behavior | 164 | |
| 1773186169 | B.F. Skinner | -most influential of all radical behaviorists -used operant chamber to develop operant conditioning techniques... chaining and shaping | 165 | |
| 1773186170 | social learning | we learn about many behaviors before we attempt them for the first time | 166 | |
| 1773186171 | modeling | what would my model do? | 167 | |
| 1773186172 | imitation | actual imitation of a behavior you see | 168 | |
| 1773186173 | vicarious reinforcement / punishment | substitution of someone else's experiences for one's own | 169 | |
| 1773186174 | hypothalamus | seems to integrate motivational, information, including hunger drive, sex drive, and other survival related motivations | 170 | |
| 1773186175 | gender | social construct, identity | 171 | |
| 1773186176 | sex | biological, sex organs | 172 | |
| 1773186177 | content theories | -what is inside the person (the content) matters most, individual needs and goals -McGregor's theory x and theory y -Maslow's hierarchy of needs | 173 | |
| 1773186178 | process theories | -how motivation occurs, the conditions outside the person (process) that led to the outcomes is what matters -goal setting theory | 174 | |
| 1773186179 | Job Design | employees are most satisfied and motivated when their jobs are meaningful, create a feeling of responsibility, create a feeling of accomplishment, allow creativity and choice, designed to ensure feedback is available | 175 | |
| 1773186180 | promotion focus | focus on gains | 176 | |
| 1773186181 | prevention focus | focus on not losing what you already have | 177 | |
| 1773186182 | learning goal orientation | mastering the skill is the end goal | 178 | |
| 1773186183 | performance goal orientation | achieving specific goals without failing is the end goal | 179 | |
| 1773186184 | goal setting theory | -properly set and well managed task goals can be highly motivating -goals need to be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely | 180 |
