Terms : Hide Images
| 152103346 | fovea | area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute | |
| 152103347 | opponent process color theory | The representation of colours by the rate of firing of two types of neurons: red/green and yellow/blue | |
| 152103348 | difference threshold | the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect | |
| 152103349 | signal-detection theory | a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 199) | |
| 152103350 | convergence | the occurrence of two or more things coming together | |
| 152103351 | summation | the arithmetic operation of summing | |
| 152103352 | saturation | a condition in which a quantity no longer responds to some external influence | |
| 152103353 | interposition | monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away | |
| 152103354 | motion paralax | objects closer appear to be bigger than objects further away | |
| 152103355 | ossicles | three tiny bones in the middle ear | |
| 152103356 | basilar membrane | A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells. | |
| 152103357 | Bekesy's hearing theory | theory that states the greatest response by hair cells occurs at the peak of the wave | |
| 152103358 | olfactory receptors | send messages to your brain which allow you to smell | |
| 152103359 | kinesthesis | the ability to feel movements of the limbs and body | |
| 152103360 | perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change | |
| 152103361 | closure | approaching a particular destination | |
| 152103362 | retinal disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the close the object | |
| 152103363 | linear perspective | the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer | |
| 152103364 | texture gradient | a monocular cue for perceiving depth; a gradual change from a coarse distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance. objects far away appear smaller and more densely packed | |
| 152103365 | tympanic membrane | the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound | |
| 152103366 | cochlea | the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the Organ of Corti | |
| 152103367 | hair cells | receptor cells for hearing found in the cochlea | |
| 152103368 | vestibular sense | a sensory system located in structures of the inner ear that registers the orientation of the head | |
| 152103369 | perceptual organization | the task of determining what edges and other stimuli go together to form an object | |
| 152103370 | stroboscopic movement | a type of apparent movement based on the rapid succession of still images, as in motion pictures | |
| 152103371 | paradoxical sleep | a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs | |
| 152103372 | sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings | |
| 152103373 | manifest dream content | The narrative story of a dream that sometimes provides allusions to the latent content (deeper meaning of a dream). Freud believed that your unconscious uses distortions in the manifest dream content like condensation and substitution to reveal clues to one's innermost thoughts. | |
| 152103374 | delayed conditioning | ideal training - neutral stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus, briefly overlaps. | |
| 152103375 | temporal conditioning | Stimulus is given at certain times so that the subject learns that at that time it will receive a stimulus. | |
| 152103376 | blocking effect | The failure of a second CS to become classically conditioned because the first CS blocks the second one in eliciting a CR. | |
| 152103377 | higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus. | |
| 152103378 | operant conditioning | conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response | |
| 152103379 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | |
| 152103380 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | |
| 152103381 | partial reinforcement effect | the greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement | |
| 152103382 | interval schedules | A schedule in which reinforcement is made contingent on the passage of a particular duration of time before the response is reinforced. | |
| 152103383 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events | |
| 152103384 | trace conditioning | the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US | |
| 152103385 | simultaneous conditioning | neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus paired together at the same time. | |
| 152103386 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | |
| 152103387 | contiguity vs. contingency | the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related vs. dependence on chance or on the fulfillment of a condition | |
| 152103388 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | |
| 152103389 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | |
| 152103390 | partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | |
| 152103391 | ratio schedules | Response-based reinforcement; set to deliver reinforcement following a prescribed number of responses. | |
| 152103392 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | |
| 152103393 | cognitive maps | Psychological representations of locations that are created from people's individual ideas and impressions | |
| 152103394 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system | |
| 152103395 | primacy effect | The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes first in a sequence. | |
| 152103396 | procedural memory | Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection | |
| 152103397 | implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection | |
| 152103398 | anterograde memory | recent memory deficit, the inability to form new memories. | |
| 152103399 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information | |
| 152103400 | state-dependent memory | The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind. | |
| 152103401 | eidetic memory | the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure | |
| 152103402 | recency effect | The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes last in a sequence. | |
| 152103403 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" | |
| 152103404 | retrograde amnesia | loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma | |
| 152103405 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information | |
| 152103406 | levels of processing | depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it | |
| 152103407 | tip of the tongue phenomenon | condition of being almost, but not quite, able to remember something; used to investigate the nature of semantic memory | |
| 152103408 | context-dependent memory | Theory that info learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place. | |
| 152103409 | embryo | an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life | |
| 152103410 | fetus | an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal | |
| 152103411 | cohort effects | The effects of being born and raised in a particular time or situation where all other members of your group has similar experiences that make your group unique from other groups | |
| 152103412 | teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm | |
| 152103413 | cognitive development | development of processes of knowing, including imagining, perceiving, reasoning, and problem solving | |
| 152103414 | sensory-motor stage | first stage of Piaget's cognitive development; birth to 2 years; main activities involve sucking and grasping; must achieve object permanence and mental representations | |
| 152103415 | concrete-operational thinking | In Piaget's framework, the type of cognition characteristic of children age 8-11, marked by the ability to reason about the world in a more logical, adult way. (decenter, reversibility, seriation, categories,) | |
| 152103416 | reversibility of operations | a series of operations can be gone through in reverse order to get back to the starting point | |
| 152103417 | attachment | the act of attaching or affixing something | |
| 152103418 | avoidant attachment | Strange Situation test: no attachment to mother, not frightened when stranger present | |
| 152103419 | Lawrence Kohlberg's three levels of moral development | proposes that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan; preconventional, conventional, postconventional | |
| 152103420 | Jean Piaget | Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation | |
| 152103421 | preoperational thinking | in Piaget's theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to 7, marked by an inability to step back from one's immediate perceptions and think conceptually | |
| 152103422 | formal-operational thinking | Children can now think abstractly, applying logical rules to envision things that thay haven't seen | |
| 152103423 | accommodation | in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality | |
| 152103424 | egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view | |
| 152103425 | conservation problems | the concept that the quantity or amount of something stays the same regardless of the changes in its shape or position | |
| 152103426 | secure attachment | Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened | |
| 152103427 | resistent attachment | before separation child seeks closeness to parent and often fail to explore, when parent leaves they are distressed and on parent return they combine clinginess with anger & resistive behavior (struggling when help, pushing, hitting) not easily comforted 10% | |
| 152103428 | life-span development | concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically | |
| 152103429 | drive-reduction | theory that claims that behavior is driven by a desire to lessen drives resulting from needs that disrupt homeostasis | |
| 152103430 | learned motives | motives that are acquired through the process of classical conditioning are called learned motives | |
| 152103431 | arousal and performance | Arousal in short spurts is adaptive we perform better under moderate arousal, however optimal performance varies with task difficulties Chronic arousal is maladaptive and tiring (EX: Testing anxiety) | |
| 152103432 | hyperphagia | overeating, in a single sitting | |
| 152103433 | psychoanalytic theory | A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior | |
| 152103434 | unconscious | that part of the mind wherein psychic activity takes place of which the person is unaware | |
| 152103435 | ego | (psychoanalysis) the conscious mind | |
| 152103436 | id | (psychoanalysis) primitive instincts and energies underlying all psychic activity | |
| 152103437 | sigmund freud | Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do). | |
| 152103438 | defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality | |
| 152103439 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate | |
| 152103440 | self concept | a sense of one's identity and personal worth | |
| 152103441 | mmpi | a self-report personality inventory consisting of 550 items that describe feelings or actions which the person is asked to agree with or disagree with | |
| 152103442 | superego | (psychoanalysis) that part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience | |
| 152103443 | projective testing | presenting child w/ stimuli and asking what they see; project own personality (ex: unconscious fears)---drawling family | |
| 152103444 | internal locus of control | the perception that one controls one's own fate | |
| 152103445 | thematic apperception test | a projective technique using black-and-white pictures | |
| 152103446 | health psychology | a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine | |
| 152103447 | stress | the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch) | |
| 152103448 | type a personality | Personality characterized by (1) a strong competitive orientation, (2) impatience and time urgency, and (3) anger and hostility. | |
| 152106150 | general adaptation syndrome | Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion | |
| 152106151 | stress inoculation | Newer stress management technique in which a person consciously tries to prepare ahead of time for potential stressors. | |
| 152106152 | biofeedback | a training program in which a person is given information about physiological processes (heart rate or blood pressure) that is not normally available with the goal of gaining conscious control of them | |
| 152106153 | behavioral medicine | an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease | |
| 152106154 | burnout | exhaustion of physical or emotional strength or motivation, usually as a result of prolonged stress or frustration | |
| 152106155 | type b personality | Personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior. | |
| 152106156 | coping strategies | ways of dealing with the sense of loss people feel at the death of someone close | |
| 152106157 | abnormal behavior | Behavior characterized as atypical, socially unacceptable, distressing to the individual or others, maladaptive, and/or the result of distorted cognitions | |
| 152106158 | cognitive model | a theory that locates the main cause of persuasion in the self-talk of the persuasion target | |
| 152106159 | psychoanalytic model | Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces. | |
| 152106160 | biomedical model | disease results from a specific, identifiable cause originating inside the body. A model of health that views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause originating inside the body. | |
| 152106161 | behavioral model | describes decision making with limited information and bounded rationality | |
| 152106162 | etiology | the philosophical study of causation | |
| 152106163 | syndrome | a complex of concurrent things | |
| 152106164 | hallucination | illusory perception | |
| 152106165 | anxiety disorders | psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety | |
| 152106166 | somatoform disorder | psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause | |
| 152106167 | conversion disorder | a mental disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms (into paralysis or anesthesia having no apparent cause) | |
| 152112424 | dissociative disorder | dissociation so severe that the usually integrated functions of consciousness and perception of self break down | |
| 152112425 | major depression | disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest | |
| 152112426 | mood disorders | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes | |
| 152112427 | personality disorders | psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning | |
| 152112428 | paraphilia | abnormal sexual activity | |
| 152112429 | delusion | a mistaken or unfounded opinion or idea | |
| 152112430 | PTSD | an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images | |
| 152112431 | OCD | an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) | |
| 152112432 | dissociative identity disorder | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. | |
| 152112433 | bipolar disorder | a mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression | |
| 152112434 | schizophrenias | any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact | |
| 152112435 | antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by amorality and lack of affect | |
| 152112436 | seasonal affective disorder | Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions. | |
| 152112437 | psychotherapy | the treatment of mental or emotional problems by psychological means | |
| 152112438 | psychoanalysis | a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders | |
| 152112439 | behavior therapy | psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior | |
| 152112440 | cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions | |
| 152112441 | psychosurgery | brain surgery on human patients intended to relieve severe and otherwise intractable mental or behavioral problems | |
| 152112442 | aversive conditioning | conditioning to avoid an aversive stimulus | |
| 152112443 | client-centered therapy | A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way. | |
| 152112444 | flooding | a technique used in behavior therapy. behavioral therapy used to rid someone of fears through classical conditioning - forced extinction. A person afraid of snakes may be exposed to a fear provoking but harmless situation until they get over their fear. | |
| 152112445 | antipsychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder | |
| 152112446 | psychodynamic psychotherapies | a general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems | |
| 152112447 | drug therapy | the use of certain medications to treat or reduce the symptoms of a mental disorder | |
| 152112448 | electroconvulsive therapy | the administration of a strong electric current that passes through the brain to induce convulsions and coma | |
| 152112449 | systematic desensitization | a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety | |
| 152112450 | family therapy | any of several therapeutic approaches in which a family is treated as a whole | |
| 152112451 | implosive therapy | a type of prolonged intense exposure therapy in which the client imagines exaggerated scenes that include hypothesized stimuli. | |
| 152112452 | antidepressant drugs | drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety; different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters | |
| 152112453 | lithium carbonate | a white powder (LiCO3) used in manufacturing glass and ceramics and as a drug | |
| 152323246 | social psychology | the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole | |
| 152323247 | attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition | |
| 152323248 | fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition | |
| 152323249 | person attribution | something, such as a quality or characteristic, that is related to a particular possessor | |
| 152323250 | situation attribution | the act of blaming external circumstances for the causes of actions | |
| 152323251 | self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably | |
| 152323252 | self-fulfilling prophecy | an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true. | |
| 152323253 | social cognition | Mental processes associated with people's perceptions of, and reactions to, other people. | |
| 152323254 | social facilitation | stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others | |
| 152323255 | cognitive dissonance theroy | cogntions are consisten, dissonent (inconsistent) or ireelevant. when they are dissonant we are unhappy though we don't awaly reallize our dissonant thoughts | |
| 152323256 | stereotype | treat or classify according to a mental stereotype. a conventional or formulaic conception or image | |
| 152323257 | deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity | |
| 152323258 | impression formation | The process by which a person uses behavior and appearance of others to form attitudes about them. | |
| 152323259 | group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group | |
| 152323260 | mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them | |
| 152323261 | roles | the different positions in the group, each with its own set of norms | |
| 152323262 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior | |
| 152323263 | altruism | the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others | |
| 152323264 | bystander intervention | helping a stranger in distress | |
| 152323265 | pluralistic ignorance | error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do | |
| 152323266 | diffusion of responsibility | reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect | |
| 152323267 | Stanley Milgram | 1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study | |
| 152323268 | individualism | the quality of being individual | |
| 152323269 | collectivism | a political theory that the people should own the means of production | |
| 152323270 | Robert Sternberg | 1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative) | |
| 152323271 | adler | neofreudian who agreed with Freud about importance of childhood experiences but felt it was social tensions not sexual ones that were critical in developing personalities. stressed birth order, sibling rivalry, and striving for superiority | |
| 152323272 | Ainsworth | theorist that studied types of attachment by use of the strange situation test | |
| 152323273 | solomon Asch | conformity; showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect ; in a famous study in which participants were shown cards with lines of different lengths and were asked to say which line matched the line on the first card in length | |
| 152323274 | Albert Bandura | researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment | |
| 152323275 | Alfred Binet | French psychologist remembered for his studies of the intellectual development of children (1857-1911) | |
| 152323276 | David Buss | found evidence that women place a higher value on potential partners' status, ambition and financial prospects; men placed a higher value on potential mates' physical attractiveness | |
| 152323277 | Mary Calkins | American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association | |
| 152323278 | Raymond Cattell | defined two types of traits..surface traits and source traits | |
| 152323279 | Noam Chomsky | United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928) | |
| 152323280 | William Dement | Sleep researcher who discovered and coined the phrase "rapid eye movement" (REM) sleep. | |
| 152323281 | Paul Ekman | 1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal | |
| 152323282 | Albert Ellis | pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions | |
| 152323283 | Erik Erikson | neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" | |
| 152323284 | Hans Eysenck | a British psychologist (born in Germany) noted for his theories of intelligence and personality and for his strong criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis | |
| 152323285 | Leon Festinger | social cognition, cognitive dissonance; Study Basics: Studied and demonstrated cognitive dissonance | |
| 152323286 | John Garcia | Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. | |
| 152323287 | Michael Gazzaniga | psychologist in the neuroscience perspective, did experiments on left and right brain interactions | |
| 152323288 | Howard Gardner | devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic | |
| 152323289 | Eleanor Gibson | 1910-2002; Field: perception; Gibson was an American psychologist. Among her contributions to psychology, the most important are the study of perception in infants and toddlers. She is popularly known for the "Visual Cliff" experiment in which precocial animals, and crawling human infants, showed their ability to perceive depth by avoiding the deep side of a virtual cliff. Along with her husband J. J. Gibson, she forwarded the concept that perceptual learning takes place by differentiation. | |
| 152323290 | Carol Gilligan | moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse | |
| 152323291 | Stanley Hall | created the psychology journal, 1st psychology lab in US | |
| 152323292 | Harry Harlow | development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort | |
| 152323293 | Ernest Hilgard | dissociation theory of split consciousness-hynotized part of brain and an independent observer which works independently (arm in ice water test) | |
| 152323294 | David Hubel | United States neuroscientist noted for his studies of the neural basis of vision (born in 1926) | |
| 152323295 | William James | United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910) | |
| 152323296 | Irving Janis | Groupthink; likely to occur in a group that has unquestioned beliefs, pressue to conform, invulnerability, censors, cohesiveness within, isolation from without, and a strong leader | |
| 152323297 | Carl Jung | 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation | |
| 152323298 | Jerome Kagan | Conducted longitudinal studies on temperament (infancy to adolescence) | |
| 152323299 | Nathaniel Kleitman | in the early 1950s, was the only person in the world who had spent his career studying sleep | |
| 152323300 | Lawrence Kohlberg | moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? | |
| 152323301 | Elizabeth Kubler-Ross | developmental psychology; wrote "On Death and Dying": 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. denial, 2. anger, 3. bargaining, 4. depression, 5. acceptance) | |
| 152323302 | Stephen LaBerge | -tested the reality of reports of lucid dreaming. -lucid dreaming: dream in which the sleeper is aware that he is dreaming -eye movements of REM sleep correspond to the reported direction of the dreamers gaze. | |
| 152323303 | Richard Lazarus | agrees that cognition is essential: Many important emotions arise from our interpretations or interferences. | |
| 152323304 | Kurt Lewin | social psychology; German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children completing activities | |
| 152323305 | Elizabeth Loftus | cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony | |
| 152323306 | Konrad Lorenz | Austrian zoologist who studied the behavior of birds and emphasized the importance of innate as opposed to learned behaviors (1903-1989) | |
| 152323307 | Maslow | Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing heirarchy of human needs. | |
| 152323308 | Pavlov | Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) | |
| 152323309 | Beverly Inez Prosser | first African-American female to receive a Ph.D in psychology | |
| 152323310 | Robert Rescorla | american psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning | |
| 152323311 | Robert Rosenthal | social psychology; focus on nonverbal communication, self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students | |
| 152323312 | Julian Rotter | Developed terms: internal/external locus of control | |
| 152323313 | Edward Lee Sapir | the types of classifications used in a language gives us clues about what the people who speak that language find important | |
| 152323314 | Stanley Schachter | emotion; stated that in order to experience emotions, a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it | |
| 152323315 | Martin Seligman | researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology | |
| 152323316 | Herbert Simon | advanced study of problem solving | |
| 152323317 | Skinner | United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism (1904-1990) | |
| 152323318 | Richard Solomon | opponent process theory of emotion | |
| 152323319 | George Sperling | flashed letters infront of people and demonstrated that our visual memory holds a great deal of info. very briefly, 1/2 a second | |
| 152323320 | Frances Cecil Sumner | first black person to receive Ph. D | |
| 152323321 | Lewis Terman | professor at Stanford who revised the Binet test for Americans. The test then became the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. He is also known for his longitudinal research on gifted kids. | |
| 152323322 | Edward Lee Thorndike | Learning occurs gradually, positive consequence strengthen, negative do not weaken. United States educational psychologist (1874-1949) | |
| 152323323 | Roger Sperry | Who earned a nobel prize for showing that the right and left halves of the brain are specialized to handle different types of mental tasks? | |
| 152323324 | William Stern | german psychologist. IQ= intelligence quotient, mental age (binet's)/chronological age x 100 | |
| 152323325 | Terman Lewis | Modified Binet IQ test to produce Stanford-Binet; early longitudinal research on high-IQ students (Genetic Study of Genius, Terman's Termites) found that they tended to do better than average students, especially if they had appropriate education. | |
| 152323326 | Edward TItchener | student of Wundt; popularized the method of introspection | |
| 152323327 | Amos Tversky | -cognitive psychologist -availability and representative HEURISTICS availability heuristic= estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory -Representative heuristic=judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information -comparative ignorance-people dislike ambiguous gambles | |
| 152323328 | Richard Walk | Created the visual cliff experiment with Eleanor Gibson | |
| 152323329 | Margaret Washburn | American psychologist who studied animal behavior; first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology | |
| 152323330 | John Watson | behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat | |
| 152323331 | Max Wertheimer | a gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures | |
| 152323332 | Whorf | hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived | |
| 152323333 | Wundt | established the first psychological laboratory in Germany; father of psychology | |
| 152323334 | Phillip Zimbardo | social psychology; Stanford Prison Study; college students were randomly assigned to roles of prisoners or guards in a study that looked at who social situations influence behavior; showed that peoples' behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play |
