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| 1758164879 | Consciousness | awareness of ext and int stimuli | 0 | |
| 1758164880 | nature of consciousness (4) | 1. awareness of ext. events 2. awareness of int. sensations 3. awareness of yourself and exp. 4. awareness of thoughts about exp. | 1 | |
| 1758164883 | consciousness result of activity in | distributed networks of neural pathways; does not arise from any distinct structure in brain | 2 | |
| 1758164884 | most commonly used indicator of variations of consciousness | EEG (electroencephalograph) | 3 | |
| 1758164885 | EEG | device that monitors electrical activity of brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to surface of scalp | 4 | |
| 1758164886 | EEG essentially summarizes | rhythms of cortical brain activity in terms of line tracings (brain waves) | 5 | |
| 1758164888 | four types of brain waves | beta, alpha, theta, and delta | 6 | |
| 1758164889 | beta waves | (13-24 cps) normal waking, alert problem solving | 7 | |
| 1758164890 | alpha waves | (8-12 cps) meditation and deep relaxation, blank mind | 8 | |
| 1758164891 | theta waves | (4-7 cps) light sleep indicator | 9 | |
| 1758164892 | delta waves | (<4 cps) deep sleep indicator | 10 | |
| 1758164893 | variations in consciousness shaped in part by | biological rhythms | 11 | |
| 1758164894 | biological rhythms | periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning | 12 | |
| 1758164895 | significance of biological rhythms | organisms have internal "biological clocks" that monitor the passage of time | 13 | |
| 1758164896 | circadian rhythm | 24 hr biological cycles found in humans and other species | 14 | |
| 1758164897 | what are circadian rhythms particularly influential over? | sleep regulation, physical functions, and cognitive performances | 15 | |
| 1758164898 | relationship between sleep and temperature | ^ temperature = awake, vice versa | 16 | |
| 1761557363 | in short, consciousness is | personal awareness that cont. changing and shifting | 17 | |
| 1761557364 | james recognized | consciousness fluctuates cont. | 18 | |
| 1761557365 | james named | stream of consciousness | 19 | |
| 1761557366 | freud discovered | feelings and behavior influenced by unconscious needs, wishes, and conflicts | 20 | |
| 1761557367 | freud said that stream of consciousness has | depth; not an all-or-none phenomenon | 21 | |
| 1761557368 | freud said that conscious and unconscious process have | diff. "levels of awareness" | 22 | |
| 1761557369 | research of why ppl maintain awareness during sleep | selective sensitivity of some stimuli remain aware of external events | 23 | |
| 1761557370 | EEG records activity from | swaths of cortex | 24 | |
| 1761557371 | brain waves vary with | amplitude and frequency | 25 | |
| 1761557372 | each individual may have "ideal" time | for sleep | 26 | |
| 1761557373 | how day-night cycle resets human biological clocks | light > retina receptors > input > hypothalamus [suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)] > pineal glands > melatonin hormone | 27 | |
| 1761557374 | ignoring circadian rhythms examples | jet lag (easier to fly W; takes 2/3 of day for readjustment) and shift rotation (most detrimental; prone to accidents and health risk) | 28 | |
| 1761557375 | realigning rhythms (2) | 1. hormone melatonin (does crucial) 2. reduce severity of circadian disruption OR longer periods between shifts | 29 | |
| 1761557376 | past theory on sleep and waking cycle | sleep is single, uniform state of physical and mental inactivity; brain "shuts down" | 30 | |
| 1761557377 | present theory on sleep and waking cycle | sleep includes physical and mental activities; landmark discovery of REM sleep (1950s) | 31 | |
| 1761557378 | EMG electromyograph | muscular activity and tension | 32 | |
| 1761557379 | EOG electrooculograph | eye movement | 33 | |
| 1761557380 | EKG electrocardiograph | contraction of heart | 34 | |
| 1761557381 | other instruments of sleep-recording devices | breathing, pulse rates, and body temperature | 35 | |
| 1761557382 | onset of sleep is | gradual | 36 | |
| 1761557383 | no obvious transition points between | wakefulness and sleep | 37 | |
| 1761557384 | stages (1-4) average time to fall asleep | 25 min | 38 | |
| 1761557385 | non-REM sleep | absence of rapid eye movement; little dreaming; varied EEG activity | 39 | |
| 1761557386 | stage (1) | brief transitional stage of light sleep (10-12 min) | 40 | |
| 1761557387 | stage (1) physical symptoms | decrease in breathing, heart rate, muscle tension, and body temperature | 41 | |
| 1761557388 | prominent waves in stage (1) | transition from alpha > theta waves (small, irregular waves - lower EEG activity) | 42 | |
| 1761557389 | stages (2,3,4) physical symptoms | decrease respiration, heart, muscle tension, and body temperature | 43 | |
| 1761557390 | brain waves trend in stages (2,3,4) | gradually become higher amplitude and slower in frequency | 44 | |
| 1761557391 | stages (3,4) characterized as | slow-wave sleep | 45 | |
| 1761557392 | slow wave sleep EEG recording | low frequency delta waves become prominent(30 min) | 46 | |
| 1761557393 | stage (5) | REM sleep | 47 | |
| 1761557394 | REM sleep coined by | William DEment | 48 | |
| 1761557395 | REM sleep characteristics | irregular breathing and pulse rate; muscle tone relaxed; dreaming most frequent, vivid, and memorable | 49 | |
| 1761557396 | "deep" stage of sleep | REM sleep | 50 | |
| 1761557397 | REM EEG recordings | high frequency beta waves - resembling awake stage | 51 | |
| 1761557398 | repetition of cycle: 1st REM period | short, few min | 52 | |
| 1761557399 | repetition of cycle: REM and non-REM period over time | gets progressively longer; shorten and shallow | 53 | |
| 1761557400 | most slow-wave sleep occur | early in cycle (15-20%) | 54 | |
| 1761557401 | REM piles | second 1/2 of cycle (20-25%) | 55 | |
| 1761557402 | newborns sleep cycle | 6-8 times a day; most REM: 50% 1st month; 30% 1st year | 56 | |
| 1761557403 | elders sleep cycle | % decrease in slow wave; % increase in stage (1); average amount of sleep decrease | 57 | |
| 1761557404 | reasons why elders have less sleep (2) | 1. increase frequency of nighttime awakenings 2. adults less sleep during day b/c tolerant of sleep deprivation | 58 | |
| 1761557405 | culture diff. with NO enjoyment of night's sleep: whites, blacks, hispanics, and asians | 20, 18, 14, 9 | 59 | |
| 1761557406 | lower income and education equivocate | more sleep complaints | 60 | |
| 1761557407 | siesta cultures | 1-2 hr napping period because hottest duration of day | 61 | |
| 1761557408 | industrialized society emphasize productivity and philosophy that | "time is money" therefore less sleep for individuals | 62 | |
| 1761557409 | partial sleep deprivation also called | sleep restriction | 63 | |
| 1761557410 | americans no longer know what it feels like to | be fully alert (Dement) | 64 | |
| 1761557411 | sleep restriction leads to | impaired attention, reaction time, motor coordination, decision making, function of endocrine and immune system | 65 | |
| 1761557412 | selective deprivation results in | "rebound effect:" spontaneous shift in sleep for more REM sleep | 66 | |
| 1761557413 | results of selective deprivation suggests | ppl need specific needs for REM and slow-wave sleep | 67 | |
| 1761557414 | theories of importance of sleep (3) | 1. firm up learning 2. neurogenesis 3. creative performance | 68 | |
| 1761557415 | health effects of sleep restriction | increase hunger, obsesity impaired immune functioning | 69 | |
| 1761557416 | health effects of prolonged sleep | depression | 70 | |
| 1761557417 | sleep studies depend on participant's | self report estimates; therefore, inaccuracy factor | 71 | |
| 1761557418 | insomnia | chronic problems getting adequate sleep | 72 | |
| 1761557419 | insomnia conditions (3) | 1. difficulty sleeping 2. difficulty falling asleep 3. early-morning awakening | 73 | |
| 1761557420 | nearly every one suffers insominia b/c | stress, disrupted biological rhythms | 74 | |
| 1761557421 | insomnia increases with | age | 75 | |
| 1761557422 | insomnia is 50% common in | female | 76 | |
| 1761557423 | chronic insomnia % of population | 30-35% | 77 | |
| 1761557424 | severe insomnia % of population | 50-75% | 78 | |
| 1761557425 | drug solutions to insomnia (2) | 1. benzodiazepine (relieve anxiety) 2. nonbenzodiazepine sedatives | 79 | |
| 1761557426 | insomnia drugs are poor long-range solutions because | overdose, increase dependency, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and increase insomnia severity | 80 | |
| 1761557427 | narcolepsy | sudden, irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods | 81 | |
| 1761557428 | REM period in narcolepsy | 10-20 min | 82 | |
| 1761557429 | % of population that has narcolepsy | 0.05% | 83 | |
| 1762825353 | sleep apnea | gasping air that awakens and disrupts sleep | 84 | |
| 1762825354 | sleep apnea occurs greater with | elders, obese, postmenopausal female | 85 | |
| 1762825355 | most serious effects of sleep apnea | stroke, hypertension, and coronary disease | 86 | |
| 1762825356 | treatment for sleep apnea | lifestyle modifications (drug therapy, special masks | 87 | |
| 1762825357 | somnambulism | also known as sleepwalking | 88 | |
| 1762825358 | % of somnambulism in children and adults | 15%, 3% | 89 | |
| 1762825359 | somnambulism occurs during first | three hours of SWS | 90 | |
| 1762825360 | Dreams to Western Societies | unimportant | 91 | |
| 1762825361 | Dreams to Non-Western Societies | change the world; have dramatic influence on all aspects of culture and history | 92 | |
| 1762825362 | calvin hall: the content of most dreams are | mundane (familiar cast of characters) | 93 | |
| 1762825363 | popular dream themes | sex, aggression, and misfortune | 94 | |
| 1762825364 | what's the threat of dreams? | it can be negative and potentially traumatic, especially self-centered | 95 | |
| 1762825365 | Freud: content of dreams | contents of waking life tend to spill into dreams (day residue) | 96 | |
| 1762825366 | Dement: content of dreams | dreams affected by external stimuli (ie: water spurts) | 97 | |
| 1762825367 | Theories of Dreams | Freud, Cartwright, and Hobson | 98 | |
| 1762825368 | Freud Theory of Dream | Wish-fulfillment | 99 | |
| 1762825369 | Wish-fulfillment theory | ppl fulfill unmet needs from waking hours through wishful thinking in dreams | 100 | |
| 1762825370 | Why wish-fulfillment theory may not be obvious | may not be obvious b/c unconscious attempts to censor and disguise true meaning of dreams | 101 | |
| 1762825371 | Was Freud's dream theory accepted? | It was popular, not scientifically supported though | 102 | |
| 1762825372 | Cartwright Theory of Dream | Problem-Solving view | 103 | |
| 1762825373 | Problem-Solving View theory | considerable continuity between waking and sleeping because dreams allow ppl to engage in creative thinking about problems not restrained by logic of realism | 104 | |
| 1762825374 | Was Cartwright's dream theory accepted? | Credibility increased when research on REM sleep showed enhancement of learning | 105 | |
| 1762825375 | Hobson Theory of Dream | Activation-Synthesis model | 106 | |
| 1762825376 | Activation-Synthesis model | dreams side effects of neural activiation that produces beta brain waves during REM sleep that associate with wakefulness | 107 | |
| 1762825377 | Pathway of Activation-Synthesis model | neurons fire periodically in lower brain centers > send random signals to cortex > cortex synthesizes dream to make sense of signal | 108 | |
| 1762825378 | what does Hobson's theory downplay | the role of emotional factors as determinants of dreams | 109 | |
| 1762825379 | Franz Anton Mesmer | claimed to cure ppl's illnesses through "laying on hands" and "animal magnetism;" he inspired "mesmerism" followers | 110 | |
| 1762825380 | James Braid | popularized hypnotism (1843) | 111 | |
| 1762825381 | Braid thought hypnotism can be used for | anesthesia; but chemical anesthetics took over as general practice | 112 | |
| 1762825382 | hypnotism dual existence (2) | 1. clinical tool as treatment of psychological and physical ailments 2. assortment of entertainers and quacks | 113 | |
| 1762825383 | hypnosis | systematic procedure that produced heightened state of suggestibility; also leads to passive relaxation, narrowed attention, and enhanced fantasy | 114 | |
| 1762825384 | popular hypnotic induction | swinging pendulum, hypnotists suggests subject is relaxing or feeling drowsy | 115 | |
| 1762825385 | % ppl that don't respond to hypnosis | 10-20 | 116 | |
| 1762825386 | % ppl that are exceptional responders to hypnosis | 10-15 | 117 | |
| 1762825387 | prominent hypnotic phenomena (4) | 1. anesthesia 2. sensory distortions and hallucinations 3. disinhibition 4. post-hypnotic suggestions and amnesia | 118 | |
| 1762825388 | anesthesia hypnotic phenomena | treatment of acute and chronic pain | 119 | |
| 1762825389 | sensory distortions and hallucinations hypnotic phenomena | reduce inhibitions that would normally prevent subjects from acting weird | 120 | |
| 1762825390 | why does disinhibition occur | because hypnotized ppl feel that they cannot be held responsible for actions taken while hypnotized | 121 | |
| 1762825391 | post hypnotic suggestions and amnesia hypnotic phenomena | suggestions made during hypnosis may influence participant's later behavior | 122 | |
| 1762825392 | theories of hypnosis (2) | 1. patients place in special, altered state of consciousness (hypnotic trance) 2. role playing | 123 | |
| 1762825393 | no reliable studies suggest alterations in brain activity (theory 1); therefore: | hypnosis is normal state of consciousness characterized by dramatic role playing | 124 | |
| 1762825394 | role playing theory evidence (2) | 1. affects of hypnosis duplicated by non-hypnotized ppl, suggesting no special state of consciousness 2. hypnotized participants act out role; inaccurate and invented memories are in highly cooperated manners | 125 | |
| 1762825395 | altered state of conscious theory evidence (2) | 1. cooperative subjects unlikely to endure surgery without anesthetic to please physicians and live up to expected role 2. hypnotized participants cont. to display hypnotic responses when they thought they were alone and unobserved | 126 | |
| 1762825396 | mots influential explanation of hypnosis as alt. state | Ernest Hilgard: dissociation | 127 | |
| 1762825397 | dissociation | splitting of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness | 128 | |
| 1762825398 | two streams from dissociation | one: communication with hypnotized ext. world two: difficult-to-detect "hidden observer" | 129 | |
| 1763097501 | meditation | family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control | 130 | |
| 1763097502 | NA most widely practices meditation associated with - from - religions | yoga, zen, and TM Hinduism, zen Buddhism, and Taoism | 131 | |
| 1763097503 | mindfulness meditation | open monitoring from zen buddhism | 132 | |
| 1763097504 | types of approach to meditation (2) | 1. focused attention 2. open monitoring | 133 | |
| 1763097505 | focused attention meditation | concentrates on specific objects, images, sounds, or bodily sensations | 134 | |
| 1763097506 | open monitoring meditation | attention is directed to contents of one's moment-to-moment experience in a nonjudgmental and nonreactive way | 135 | |
| 1763097507 | intent on expanding attention | become detached observer of the flow of one's own sensations, thoughts, and feelings | 136 | |
| 1763097508 | what waves are dominant in the meditative state | alpha and theta | 137 | |
| 1763097509 | meditative state leads to potentially benefitical | physiological states characterized by suppression of bodily arousal | 138 | |
| 1763097510 | debate on meditation | whether there are physiological changes associated with meditation that are unique to special state of consciousness | 139 | |
| 1763097511 | psychoactive drugs | chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning; recreational use | 140 | |
| 1763097512 | types of drugs (6) | narcotics, suppressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis, and alcohol | 141 | |
| 1763097513 | narcotics | capable of relieving pain | 142 | |
| 1763097514 | sedatives | sleep inducing drugs that decrease CN activation and behavioral activity | 143 | |
| 1763097515 | stimulants | increase CN activation and behavioral activity | 144 | |
| 1763097516 | hallucinogens | diverse group of drugs that wave powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most notably by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience | 145 | |
| 1763097517 | cannabis | hemp plant derives marijuana, hashish, and THC | 146 | |
| 1763097518 | alcohol | beverage with ethyl alcohol | 147 | |
| 1763097519 | mechanism of drugs | neurotransmitters are excessively uptake by synaptic clefts | 148 | |
| 1763097520 | theory of neural pathway affected by all drugs | reward pathway; mesolimbic doppamine pathway | 149 | |
| 1763097521 | reward pathway | neural circuit from midbrain > nucleus accumbens > prefrontal cortex | 150 |
