Chapter 1 Adjusting to Modern Life Vocabulary / Definition Flashcards
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| 2407573600 | Narcissism | The tendency to regard oneself as grandiosely self-important | 0 | |
| 2407573601 | Psychology | the science that studies behavior and the physiological and mental process that underlie it, and its is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to pratical problems | 1 | |
| 2407573602 | Behavior | observable actions of a person or animal | 2 | |
| 2407573603 | Clinical Psychology | The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. | 3 | |
| 2407573604 | Adjustment | refers to the psychological processes through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of everyday life. | 4 | |
| 2407573605 | Empiricism | The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation | 5 | |
| 2407573606 | Experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates an independent variables under carefully controlled conditions and observes wheather there are changes in a second (dependent) variable as a result | 6 | |
| 2407573607 | Independent Variable | In a experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable. | 7 | |
| 2407573608 | Dependent Variable | In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulations of the independent variable. | 8 | |
| 2407573609 | Experimental Group | the subjects in an experiment who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable | 9 | |
| 2407573610 | Control Group | subjects in an experiment who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group | 10 | |
| 2407573611 | Correlation | the extent to which two variables are related to each other | 11 | |
| 2407573612 | Correlation Coefficient | A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables | 12 | |
| 2407573613 | Naturalistic Observation | an approach to research in which the researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects | 13 | |
| 2407573614 | Case Study | an in-depth investigation of an individual subject | 14 | |
| 2407573615 | Surveys | structured questionnaires designed to solicit information about specific aspects of participants behavior | 15 | |
| 2407573616 | Subjective Well-Being | Individuals' personal assessments of their overall happiness or life satisfaction. | 16 | |
| 2407573617 | Affective Forecasting | efforts to predict one's emotional reactions to future events | 17 | |
| 2407573618 | Hedonic Adaptation | the phenomenon that occurs when the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness or unpleasantness of their experience shifts so that the neutral point, or baseline for comparision is changed | 18 | |
| 2407573619 | Overlearning | Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have mastered it. | 19 | |
| 2407573620 | Mnemonic Devices | Strategies for enhancing memory | 20 | |
| 2407573621 | Mind | thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences | 21 | |
| 2407573622 | Science | Science-an objective way to answer questions based on observable facts/data and well-described methods | 22 | |
| 2407573623 | variables | in an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulations of the independent variable. | 23 | |
| 2413092067 | archetypes | Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. | 24 | |
| 2413096474 | behaviorism | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behavior. | 25 | |
| 2413098604 | classical conditioning | A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus | 26 | |
| 2413101065 | collective unconscious | According to Jung, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past that is shared with the entire human race. | 27 | |
| 2413103211 | compensation | A defense mechanism characterized by efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities. | 28 | |
| 2413105210 | conditioned response | A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning. | 29 | |
| 2413107659 | conditioned stimulus | A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. | 30 | |
| 2413108436 | conscious | According to Freud, whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time | 31 | |
| 2413110917 | defense mechanisms | Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt. | 32 | |
| 2413112865 | displacement | Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target. | 33 | |
| 2413114332 | ego | According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. | 34 | |
| 2413217309 | evolutionary psychology | A field of psychology that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations | 35 | |
| 2413218450 | extinction | The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency | 36 | |
| 2413219124 | factor analysis | Technique of analyzing correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables | 37 | |
| 2413220634 | fixation | In Freud's theory, a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected | 38 | |
| 2413222953 | heritability ratio | An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance | 39 | |
| 2413225533 | hierarchy of needs | A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused | 40 | |
| 2413226601 | hindsight bias | The common tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out. | 41 | |
| 2416701311 | humanism | A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth. | 42 | |
| 2416703596 | id | In Freud's theory, the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle | 43 | |
| 2416705959 | identification | Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group. | 44 | |
| 2416708345 | incongruence | The disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience. | 45 | |
| 2416710451 | need for self-actualization | The need to fulfill one's potential; the highest need in Maslow's motivational hierarchy. | 46 | |
| 2416712143 | negative reinforcement | The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of a (presumably) unpleasant stimulus. | 47 | |
| 2416715265 | observational learning | Learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by observing others, who are called models. | 48 | |
| 2416718122 | Oedipal complex | According to Freud, a child's erotically tinged desires for the other-accompanied by feelings of hostility toward the same-sex parent. | 49 | |
| 2416720411 | operant conditioning | A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. | 50 | |
| 2416722905 | personality | An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits | 51 | |
| 2416725413 | personality trait | A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations | 52 | |
| 2416729498 | positive reinforcement | The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the arrival of a (presumably) pleasant stimulus. | 53 | |
| 2416730829 | preconscious | According to Freud, material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved. | 54 | |
| 2416733705 | projection | Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person. | 55 | |
| 2416735846 | projective tests | Personality tests that ask subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits. | 56 | |
| 2416740112 | psychodynamic theories | All the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud that focus on unconscious mental forces | 57 | |
| 2416743332 | psychological test | A standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior | 58 | |
| 2416744350 | psychosexual stages | In Freud's theory, developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality. | 59 | |
| 2416747731 | punishment | The weakening (decrease in frequency) of a response because it is followed by the arrival of a (presumably) unpleasant stimulus. | 60 | |
| 2416749249 | rationalization | Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior | 61 | |
| 2416750790 | reaction formation | Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one's true feelings. | 62 | |
| 2416752935 | regression | A reversion to immature patterns of behavior. | 63 | |
| 2416754705 | reliability | The measurement consistency of a test | 64 | |
| 2416764987 | repression | Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. | 65 | |
| 2416766495 | self-actualization | The need to fulfill one's potential; the highest need in Maslow's motivational hierarchy | 66 | |
| 2416768197 | self-concept | A collection of beliefs about one's basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. | 67 | |
| 2416770998 | self-efficacy | One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. | 68 | |
| 2416776911 | self-report inventories | Personality scales that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior. | 69 | |
| 2416782419 | sensation seeking | A generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation. | 70 | |
| 2416784712 | standardization | The uniform procedures used to administer and score a test | 71 | |
| 2416786726 | sublimation | Defense mechanism that occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviors. | 72 | |
| 2416788578 | superego | According to Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong | 73 | |
| 2416790450 | test norms | Statistics that provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test. | 74 | |
| 2416792872 | twin studies | A research method in which researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins on a trait. | 75 | |
| 2416795773 | unconditioned response | An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. | 76 | |
| 2416797905 | unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. | 77 | |
| 2416799737 | unconscious | According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on our behavior | 78 | |
| 2416801068 | validity | The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure. | 79 |
