Psychology 10th edition. Prentice Hall, Pearson. Wade and Tavris. Chapter 1
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| 448311261 | Wilhelm Wundt? | he founded the first experimental laboratory, "The father of Psychology" Attempted to apply scientific principles to the study of the human mind. Created first psychology lab Structuralism. | 1 | |
| 448311262 | William James? | the first person to focus on functionalism, Author of The Principles of Psychology which is seen as one of the most important psychology text written believed in functionalism | 2 | |
| 448311263 | Mary Calkins? | 1863-1930 She was the first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association . | 3 | |
| 448311264 | John Watson? | 1878-1958 who was the person that founded behaviorism in the late 1900's? | 4 | |
| 448311265 | Sigmund Freud? | is the father of psychology , Neurologist who thought that the unconcious mind created neurological problems when there was no physical symtpons. Early childhood experiences can explain problems later in life. | 5 | |
| 448311266 | B.F. Skinner | pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats. | 6 | |
| 448311267 | Kenneth and Mamie Clark | Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial. | 7 | |
| 448311268 | Franz Gall | invented phrenology, claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits | 8 | |
| 448311269 | Carl Rogers | humanistic psychology; Contributions: founded client-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, active listening | 9 | |
| 448311270 | Where was the first psychological laboratory | Liepzig, Germany | 10 | |
| 448311271 | Structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind | 11 | |
| 448311272 | Functionalism | a psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment | 12 | |
| 448311273 | Introspection | a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings | 13 | |
| 448311274 | neuroscience perspective | how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences | 14 | |
| 448311275 | Pschodynamic | Based on the belief that the unconscious mind exerts great control over behavior and that early childhood experiences are a major influence on personality development, Sigmund Frued | 15 | |
| 448311276 | Psychoanalysis | A set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders | 16 | |
| 448311277 | Behaviorism | an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior | 17 | |
| 448311278 | Cognitive | having to do with an organism's thinking and understanding | 18 | |
| 448311279 | Socio-cultural | a perspective on psychology that emphasizes effects on behavior and thinking of one's culture and the people around one | 19 | |
| 448311280 | who is associated with psychoanalysis | Sigmund freud 1900/1953 | 20 | |
| 448311281 | difference between psychologist and psychiatrist | psychiatrist can prescribe medication | 21 | |
| 448311282 | Hindsight Bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | 22 | |
| 448311283 | Wording Effect | a potential problem with surveys as the way we phrase sentences can influence responses | 23 | |
| 448311284 | Overconfidence Bias | the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. | 24 | |
| 448311285 | scientific attitude? | a curious eagerness to skeptically scrutinize competing ideas and an open minded humility about nature, curiosity, skepticism, humility, critical thinking | 25 | |
| 448311286 | critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. | 26 | |
| 448311287 | what is scientific method? | Recognize a problem. form a hypothesis. Gather data. Form a conclusion. | 27 | |
| 448311288 | what is a case study? | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. | 28 | |
| 448311289 | what is a survey? | Where subjects respond to a series of questions and statements. | 29 | |
| 448311290 | What are some ways in which a survey can bias data? | Bias often occurs when the survey sample does not accurately represent the population. | 30 | |
| 448311291 | Naturalistic Observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | 31 | |
| 448311292 | Correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other | 32 | |
| 448311293 | Positive Correlation | A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. | 33 | |
| 448311294 | Negative Correlations | An association between increases in one variable and decreases in another. | 34 | |
| 448311295 | Are all correlations real? | Correlation does not explain causation. | 35 | |
| 448311296 | What type of study can explain cause and effect? | An Experiment | 36 | |
| 448311297 | Independent Variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied | 37 | |
| 448311298 | Dependent Variable | variable that changes as a result of a change in the independent variable | 38 | |
| 448311299 | What do experiments attempt to do? | They attempt to discover one variables effect on another. A test of a hypothesis | 39 | |
| 448311300 | Culture | the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization | 40 | |
| 448311301 | Collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly | 41 | |
| 448311302 | Individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications | 42 | |
| 448311303 | is psychology free of value judgements? | Psychology is not value-free. Psychologists' own values can influence their choice of research topics, their theories and observations, their labels for behavior, and their professional advise. | 43 | |
| 448311304 | dendrite | The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | 44 | |
| 448311305 | cell body | contains the nucleus, where most of the molecules the neuron needs to survive and function is manufactured | 45 | |
| 448311306 | Axon | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands | 46 | |
| 448311307 | mylin sheath | fatty casing on axon, electical insulator and increases speed | 47 | |
| 448425813 | threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | 48 | |
| 448425814 | synaptic gap | space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the receptors of the next neuron | 49 | |
| 448425815 | neurotransmitter | chemical messenger that carries information from one neuron to another or to another cell | 50 | |
| 448425816 | Acetycholine | neurotransmitter associated with voluntary movement, sleep and wakefulness. Too little is associated with Alzheimer's | 51 | |
| 448425817 | Dopemine | chemical that causes imbalance in scizophrenics, affects motor function | 52 | |
| 448425818 | too much dopemine is associated with? | Shizophrenia | 53 | |
| 448425819 | too little dopemine is associated with? | Parkinsons | 54 | |
| 448425820 | Serotonin | a neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep,arousal,and mood. appears in lower than normal levels in depressed persons | 55 | |
| 448425821 | Nor Epinephrine | Hormone released by the adrenal glands that increases heart rate and blood pressure and prepares the body for intense physical activity. | 56 | |
| 448425822 | GABA | moderates neuron firing, involved in movement and regulation of anxiety | 57 | |
| 448425823 | Glutamate | A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory | 58 | |
| 448425824 | Endorphins | Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure | 59 | |
| 448425825 | Central Nervous System | the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord | 60 | |
| 448425826 | Peripheral Nervous System | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body | 61 | |
| 448425827 | what makes up the PNS | Sensory Nervous System, Motor Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, Sympathetic, and Para Sympathetic | 62 | |
| 448425828 | What makes up the CNS | Brain, Neurons and Spinal Cord | 63 | |
| 448425829 | Sympathetic System | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations | 64 | |
| 448425830 | Para Sympathetic System | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy | 65 | |
| 448425831 | Reflex | an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus | 66 | |
| 448425832 | Endocrine System | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | 67 | |
| 448425833 | Pituitary Gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands | 68 | |
| 448425834 | Thyroid Gland | endocrine gland located below the larynx that secretes a hormone that is needed for cell metabolism and energy; the largest endocrine gland; has two lobes connected by a tissue called the isthmus | 69 | |
| 448425835 | The oldest part of the brain | brain stem | 70 | |
| 448425836 | thalamus | brain structure that receives messages from the sense organs and relays the information to the proper region of the cerebrum for further processing | 71 | |
| 448425837 | reticular formation | a network of cells in the brainstem that filters sensory information and is involved in arousal and alertness | 72 | |
| 448425838 | cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance | 73 | |
| 448425839 | medulla | part of the brain nearest the spinal cord which controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure | 74 | |
| 448425840 | hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage | 75 | |
| 448425841 | limbic system | a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior | 76 | |
| 448425842 | amygdalla | brain structure located near the hippocampus responible for fear responses and memory of fear | 77 | |
| 448425843 | hypothalymus | the portion of the brain that contains the center that affects eating regulation of food intake | 78 | |
| 448425844 | Who located the pleasure centers in the amygdalla of rats? | James Olds and Peter Milner | 79 | |
| 448425845 | cerebral cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center | 80 | |
| 448425846 | where is the motor cortex located? | frontal lobe , Precentral Gyrus | 81 | |
| 448425847 | where is the sensory cortex located? | parietal lobe | 82 | |
| 448425848 | Sensory neurons | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system | 83 | |
| 448425849 | Motor neurons | Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands | 84 | |
| 448425850 | Motor nuerons are moslty located where? | Spinal cord | 85 | |
| 448425851 | Sensory neurons are mostly located where? | Spinal cord | 86 | |
| 448425852 | Corpus Collosium | connects left & right hemisphere of the brain through fibers | 87 | |
| 448425853 | what are the four lobes of the brain? | Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal | 88 | |
| 448425854 | Frontal Lobe | The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior. | 89 | |
| 448425855 | Parietal Lobe | portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch | 90 | |
| 448425856 | Occipital Lobe | portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision | 91 | |
| 448425857 | Temporal Lobe | portion that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell | 92 | |
| 448425858 | Which brain hemisphere is associated mostly for language? | the left | 93 | |
| 448425859 | Broca's area | controls language expression-an aread of the frontal, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech | 94 | |
| 448425860 | Wernike's area | controls language reception-- a brain area involves in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. | 95 | |
| 448425861 | neural plasticity | the ability of neurons to modify their structure and function in response to experiential factors or injury | 96 | |
| 448425862 | split brain | a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them | 97 | |
| 448425863 | Why where split brain surgery's used in treatment of? | Split brain operations where used in treatment of severe epilepsy | 98 | |
| 448425864 | Differentiate between the longitudinal and cross-sectional methods of research? | Longitudinal studies is drawn out over a period of time. Whereas cross-sectional studies are assessments of something that has happened or occured at a specific point in time. | 99 |
