Terms : Hide Images
| 1652411998 | scientific method | set of rules that governs the collection and analysis of data gained through observational studies or experiments | 0 | |
| 1652411999 | experiment | study in which the researcher changes the value of an independent variable and observes whether this manipulation affects the value of the dependent variable | 1 | |
| 1652412000 | 5 steps of scientific method | 1) Identify problem and formulate hypothetical cause and effect relations among variables 2) Design experiment 3) Perform experiment 4) Evaluate hypothesis by examining data from study 5) Communicate results | 2 | |
| 1652412001 | 3 steps of scientific research | 1) naturalistic observation and clinical observation 2) correlational studies 3) experiments | 3 | |
| 1652412002 | naturalistic observation | observation of behavior of people or other animals in their natural environment | 4 | |
| 1652412003 | clinical observation | observation of behavior of people or animals while they are undergoing diagnoses or treatment | 5 | |
| 1652412004 | correlational studies | examination of relations between 2 or more measurements of behavior or other characteristic of people | 6 | |
| 1652412005 | hypothesis | statement, usually designed to be tested by an experiment, that tentatively expresses cause and effect relationship between 2 or more events | 7 | |
| 1652412006 | theory | set of statements used to explain a set of phenomena | 8 | |
| 1652412007 | theory is _________ form of hypothesis | elaborate | 9 | |
| 1652412008 | a good theory generates a ____________ hypothesis | testable | 10 | |
| 1652412009 | case study | detailed description of individual's behavior during course of clinical treatment or diagnoses | 11 | |
| 1652412010 | Does a clinical psychologist remain in the background? | no | 12 | |
| 1652412011 | Does a naturalistic psychologist remain in the background? | yes | 13 | |
| 1652412012 | survey study | study of people's responses to standardized questions | 14 | |
| 1652412013 | variables | anything capable of assuming any of several values | 15 | |
| 1652412014 | manipulation | setting values of independent variable in an experiment to see whether the value of another variable is affected | 16 | |
| 1652412015 | experimental group | group of participants in experiment that is exposed to a particular value of the independent variable, which has been manipulated by the researcher | 17 | |
| 1652412016 | control group | comparison group used in experiment, member of which are exposed to the naturally occurring or zero value of the independent variable | 18 | |
| 1652412017 | independent variable | variable that is manipulated in experiment as means of determining cause and effect relations | 19 | |
| 1652412018 | dependent variable | variable measured in experiment and hypothesized to be affected by independent variable | 20 | |
| 1652412019 | nominal fallacy | false belief that we have explained the causes of a phenomenon by identifying and naming it (just because things are called the same thing doesn't mean we understand them and know that caused the behavior) | 21 | |
| 1652412020 | validity | degree to which the operational definition of a variable accurately reflects the variable it is designed to measure/manipulate | 22 | |
| 1652412021 | confounding of variables | unintended simultaneous manipulation of more than 1 variable (3rd variable that gets in way of experiment) | 23 | |
| 1652412022 | operational definitions | definition of variable in terms of the operations the researcher performs to measure or manipulate it | 24 | |
| 1652412023 | counterbalancing | systematic variation of conditions in experiment, such as the order of presentation of stimuli, so that different participants encounter the conditions in different orders | 25 | |
| 1652412024 | Example of counterbalancing | bird example in book (always showed birds in same order, when they should have varied the order to get accurate results) | 26 | |
| 1652412025 | reliability | repeatability of a measurement; likelihood that if the measurement were made again, it would yield the same value | 27 | |
| 1652412026 | example of a reliable measurement | someone's heigh and weight | 28 | |
| 1652412027 | achieving reliability is easier than achieving ________________ | validity | 29 | |
| 1652412028 | interrater reliability | degree to which 2 or more independent observers agree on their ratings of an organisms behavior | 30 | |
| 1652412029 | random assignment | procedure in which each participant has an equally likely chance of being assigned to any of the conditions or groups of an experiment | 31 | |
| 1652412030 | Hawthorne effect | aka Expectancy effect (if participants figure out researcher's hypothesis, they will sometimes behave as if hypothesis is true even if it's not---factory lighting example) | 32 | |
| 1652412031 | placebo | ineffectual treatment used as control substance in single blind or double blind experiment | 33 | |
| 1652412032 | single-blind study | experiment in which the researcher knows the value of the independent variable, but participants do not | 34 | |
| 1652412033 | double-blind study | experiment in which neither participants nor researchers know the value of the independent variable | 35 | |
| 1652412034 | What variables cannot be manipulated? | -gender -genetic history -income -social class -family environment -personality | 36 | |
| 1652412035 | Can variables that cannot be manipulated be investigated in an experiment? | no | 37 | |
| 1652412036 | T/F: Correlational studies do not necessarily indicate cause and effect relations | true | 38 | |
| 1652412037 | matching | systematically selecting participants in groups in an experiment or correlational study to ensure that mean values of important participant variables of the groups are similar | 39 | |
| 1652412038 | replication | repetition of an experiment or observational study in effort to see whether previous results will be obtained; ensures that incorrect conclusions are weeded out | 40 | |
| 1652412039 | sample | selection of elements representative of a larger population | 41 | |
| 1652412040 | generalize | to extend the results obtained from a sample to the population from which the sample was taken | 42 | |
| 1652412041 | 7 codes of ethics | 1) minimize harm to participants 2) maximize benefits of research to participants in particular and society in general 3) participants should be fully informed about nature of research they are participating in (no coercion--force) 4) deception in research is unacceptable 5) do not intrude on private lives of participants 6) promise confidentiality 7) vulnerable populations should be treated with special care | 43 | |
| 1652412042 | informed consent | person's agreement to participate in an experiment after he/she has received info about nature of research and any possible risks/benefits | 44 | |
| 1652412043 | confidentiality | privacy of participants and nondisclosure of their participation in research project | 45 | |
| 1652412044 | descriptive statistics | mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data | 46 | |
| 1652412045 | measures of central tendency | statistical measure used to characterize the value of items in sample of numbers (balance point of data) | 47 | |
| 1652412046 | examples of measures of central tendency | mean and median | 48 | |
| 1652412047 | mean | measure of central tendency; arithmetical average | 49 | |
| 1652412048 | median | measure of central tendency; midpoint of a group of values arranged numerically | 50 | |
| 1652412049 | measure of variability | statistic that describes degree to which scores in a set of numbers differ from one another (how spread out numbers are) | 51 | |
| 1652412050 | example of measures of variability | range | 52 | |
| 1652412051 | range | difference between highest score and lowest score of a sample | 53 | |
| 1652412052 | standard deviation | statistic that expresses variability of a measurement; square root of the average of the squared deviations from mean | 54 | |
| 1652412053 | scatterplot | graph of items that have 2 values; one value is plotted on horizontal axis and other on vertical axis | 55 | |
| 1652412054 | correlation coefficient | measurement of degree to which 2 variables are related | 56 | |
| 1652412055 | positive correlation | indicates high values on one measure are associated with high values on another | 57 | |
| 1652412056 | negative correlation | indicates high values on one measure are associated with low values on the other | 58 | |
| 1652412057 | statistical significance | likelihood that an observed relation or difference between 2 variables really exists rather than being due to chance factors | 59 | |
| 1652412058 | inferential statistics | mathematical and logical procedures for determining whether relations or differences between samples are statistically significant (making inferences from a sample about a population) | 60 | |
| 1652412059 | qualitative research | alternative research strategy stressing the observation of variables that are not numerically measureable | 61 | |
| 1652412060 | credible | data is believed from standpoint of participant | 62 | |
| 1652412061 | transferability | another person can generate results in another setting | 63 | |
| 1652412062 | dependence | researcher described all conditions under which results will be obtained | 64 | |
| 1652412063 | confirmability | people other than researcher can check accuracy of results | 65 | |
| 1652412064 | single-subject designs | alternative research strategy that examines effects of manipulation on individual participant or subject | 66 | |
| 1652412065 | behavioral baseline | behavior is measured as it occurs in some original state | 67 | |
| 1652412066 | How do researchers communicate the results of their research? | -replication (others can replicate their experiment) -peer review | 68 | |
| 1652412067 | a good hypothesis is ____________ and _____________ | testable and falsifiable | 69 | |
| 1652412068 | a correlational study is _________________ | quasiexperimental (close to experimental, but not quite) | 70 | |
| 1652412069 | example of correlational study | survey | 71 | |
| 1652412070 | To be able to have causation, you need ______________ | correlation | 72 | |
| 1652412071 | ceteris paribus | everything else will stay the same | 73 | |
| 1652412072 | confounding variables vary systematically with _______ and _______ | IV and DV | 74 | |
| 1652412073 | What is the confounding variable in the example: people who eat ice cream are more likely to drown | time of year (summer) | 75 | |
| 1652412074 | dropsy | swollen leg | 76 | |
| 1652412075 | autism | label for a bunch of behavioral symptoms | 77 | |
| 1652412076 | IRB | Institutional Review Board | 78 | |
| 1652412077 | IACUC | Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee | 79 | |
| 1652412078 | Tuskegee study | African American men were infected with cephalus and researchers didn't treat them because they wanted to see how disease progressed | 80 | |
| 1652412079 | mode | most frequently occurring number | 81 |
