Psychology over the life span
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| 510557250 | Maturation | The developmental process that produces genetically programmed changes in the body, brain, or behavior with increasing age | |
| 510557251 | Embryo | A developing baby from the point where the major axis of the body is present until all major structures are present, spanning from about 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception | |
| 510557252 | Fetus | A developing baby during the final phase of development in the womb, from about 8 weeks after conception until birth | |
| 510557253 | Teratogen | Any external agent, such as a chemical, virus, or type of radiation, that can cause damage to the zygote, embryo, or fetus | |
| 510557254 | Nativism (approach to language) | The view that people are born with some knowledge | |
| 510557255 | Language acquisition device (LAD) | An innate mechanism, hypothesized by Chomsky, that contains the grammatical rules common to all languages and allows language acquisition | |
| 510557256 | Child-directed speech (CDS) | Speech by caregivers to babies that relies on short sentences with clear pauses, careful enunciation, exaggerated intonation, and a high-pitched voice | |
| 510557257 | Overextension | An overly broad use of a word to refer to a new object or situation | |
| 510557258 | Underextension | An overly narrow use of a word to refer to a new object or situation | |
| 510557259 | Grammar | The set of rules that determines how words can be organized into an infinite number of acceptable sentences in a language | |
| 510557260 | Telegraphic speech | Speech that packs a lot of information into a few highly informative words, typically omitting words such as the, a, and of | |
| 510557261 | Overregularization error | A mistake that occurs in speech when the child applies a newly learned rule even to cases where it does not apply | |
| 510557262 | Critical period | A narrow window of time when a certain type of learning or some aspect of development is possible | |
| 510557263 | Schema | In Piaget's theory, a mental structure that organizes sensory and perceptual input and connects it to the appropriate responses | |
| 510557264 | Assimilation | In Piaget's theory, the process that allows the use of existing schemas to organize and interpret new stimuli and respond appropriately | |
| 510557265 | Accomodation | In Piaget's theory, the process that results in schemas' changing or the creation of new schemas, as necessary to cope with a broader range of situations | |
| 510557266 | Object permanence | The understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be immediately perceived | |
| 510557267 | Conservation | The Piagetian principle that certain properties, such as amount or mass, remain the same even when the appearance of the material or object changes, provided that nothing is added or removed | |
| 510557268 | Egocentrism | In Piaget's theory, the inability to take another person's point of view | |
| 510557269 | Concrete operation | In Piaget's theory, a (reversible) manipulation of the mental representation of an object that corresponds to an actual physical manipulation | |
| 510557270 | Formal operation | In Piaget's theory, a reversible mental act that can be performed even with abstract concepts | |
| 510557271 | Attachment | An emotional bond that leads a person to want to be with someone else and to miss him or her when separated | |
| 510557272 | Separation anxiety | Fear of being away from the primary caregiver | |
| 510557273 | Self-concept | The beliefs, desires, values, and attributes that define a person to himself or herself | |
| 510557274 | Gender roles | The culturally determined appropriate behaviors for males versus females | |
| 510557275 | Moral dilemma | A situation in which there are moral pros and cons for each of a set of possible actions | |
| 510557276 | Puberty | The time when hormones cause the sex organs to mature and secondary characteristics, such as breasts for women and a beard for men, to appear | |
| 510557277 | Adolescence | The period between the onset of puberty and, roughly, the end of the teenage years | |
| 510557278 | Longitudinal study | A study in which the same group of people is tested repeatedly, at different ages | |
| 510557279 | Cross-sectional study | A study in which different groups of people are tested, with each group composed of individuals of a particular age | |
| 510557280 | Psychosocial development | The result of maturation and learning on personality and relationships | |
| 521495063 | First trimester | The developing baby starts off as a zygote, becomes as embryo when a tube specifies the head-to-toe axis of the body is present (about 2 weeks after conception) and then becomes a fetus when all major body structures are present (about 8 weeks after conception; thereafter, the developing baby is called a fetus until birth) | |
| 521495064 | Second trimester | The nervous system is crucial for a functioning body, and the great bulk of the neurons are in place by the end of the second trimester. | |
| 521495065 | Fetoscope | Special light-emitting instrument how we know fetuses become sensitive to both light and sound after 20 to 25 weeks | |
| 521495066 | Fetal alcohol syndrome | When the woman drinks alcohol during the pregnancy-causes impaired mental functioning, such as problems with aspects of reasoning that involve working memory | |
| 521495067 | Sudden infant death syndrome | A mothers smoking during pregnancy may increase the chance that her baby will die from this | |
| 521495068 | Looking back | Page 325 Page 343 Page 348 Page 356 | |
| 521495069 | 2-5 months motor skills | Follow movements with eyes; lift head and chest while on stomach; hold head steady; hold an empty object placed in hand | |
| 521495070 | 6-9 months motor skills | Roll over, sit upright; pick up small objects with thumb and fingers; shift objects between hands; crawl | |
| 521495071 | 10-12 months motor skills | Pull to upright standing, and "cruise" (walk by supporting body against objects); turn pages of book | |
| 521495072 | 13-18 months motor skills | Scribble; walk unaided; feed self; point to pictures when asked; throw a ball while maintaining balance | |
| 521495073 | Milestones in language acquisition | 2-3 months-Perceive all phonemes; notice changes in phonemes 6 months-Ignore distinctions among sounds that are not used in the languages spoked around them; begin babbling 8 months-Identify words in the continuous speech stream 1 year-Babbling has adultlike intonation patterns; speaking begins 13 months-Understand about 50 words 18 months-Speak about 50 words 2 years-Telegraphic speech 3 years-Simple pragmatics 4 years-Rules of grammar, such as plural 6 years-Know about 10,000 words 9 years-Subtle pragmatics | |
| 521495074 | Cognitive development | The gradual transition from infant to adult mental capacity | |
| 521495075 | Piaget's Periods of Cognitive Development | Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operations Formal operations | |
| 521495076 | Sensorimotor | 0-2 years-The child acts on the world as perceived and is not capable of thinking about objects in their absence | |
| 521495077 | Preoperational | 2-7 years-Words, images, and actions are used to represent information mentally. Language and symbolic play develop, but thought is still tied to perceived events | |
| 521495078 | Concrete operations | 7-11 years-Reasoning is based on a logic that is tied to what can be perceived. The child is capable of organizing information systematically into categories and can reverse mental manipulations | |
| 521495079 | Formal operations | 11 years-Reasoning is based on a logic that includes abstractions, which leads to systematic thinking about hypothetical events | |
| 521495080 | Mental representation | Ways of storing and recalling information Allow children in the preoperational period to think about objects and events that are not immediately present | |
| 521495081 | Information-processing approach | Based on the idea that perception and cognition rely on a host of distinct processes in the brain, and hence these capacities develop as the relevant parts of the brain develop | |
| 521495082 | Secure attachment | Evident if babies venture away from the mother, are upset when she leaves and not well comforted by a stranger, but calm down quickly when the mother returns | |
| 521495083 | Avoidant attachment | Evident if babies dont seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger; when she returns they do not immediately gravitate to her | |
| 521495084 | Resistant attachment | Evident if babies do not use the mother as a base of operations for exploration but rather stay close to her and become angry when she leaves; some of these babies may go so far as to hit the mother when she returns, and they do not calm down easily thereafter | |
| 521495085 | Disorganized/disoriented attachment | Evident if the babies become depressed and have periods of being unresponsive along with spurts of sudden emotion at the end of the testing session | |
| 521495086 | Preconventional level | Focuses on the role of an authority figure who defines what correct action is; good behaviors are rewarded and bad ones are punished. A preconventional response to the Heinz dilemma might be "If you let your wife die you will get in trouble" | |
| 521495087 | Conventional level | Focuses on the role of rules that maintain social order and allow people to get along. A child reasoning at this level wants to be viewed as a "good person" by friends and family and tries to follow the Golden Rule. Morality is still closely tied to individual relationships | |
| 521495088 | Postconventional Level | Focuses on the role of abstract principles that govern the decision to accept or reject specific rules. In the most advanced stage at this level, principles are adopted that are believed to apply to everyone | |
| 521495089 | Factors that affect puberty at earlier age | Nutrition-Overweight girls tend to experience their period before those who are not overweight Stress-In girls who have a certain gene in combination with having an absent father Additives in foods such as food Chemical pollutants in the environment | |
| 521495090 | Adolescense 3 problems | 1. Conflicts with their parents 2. Extreme mood swings 3. Prone to taking risks | |
| 521502093 | Cataracts | A clouding of the lenses of the eyes | |
| 521502094 | Terminal decline | Shortly before death peoples performance on a wide range of cognitive takes takes a dramatic turn for the worse | |
| 521502095 | Fluid intelligence | Involves reasoning in novel ways and the ability to figure out new solutions Begins to declines as early as the late 20s | |
| 521502096 | Crystallized intelligence | Involves using previously stored knowledge as a basis of reasoning in familiar ways May increase with age and decline only late in life | |
| 521502097 | Socioemotional selectivity theory | Older adults come to focus on the limited time they have left which in turn changes their motivations |
