Psych1010
Alvarez
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| 463458160 | Psychology (definition) | the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior that lies at the intersection of biology and culture | 1 | |
| 463458161 | Psychological processes reflect influences of | biological processes of cells within nervous system (microlevel) context of cultural beliefs and values | 2 | |
| 463458162 | biopsychology (name) | behavioral neuroscience | 3 | |
| 463458163 | biopsychology | seeks to understand the mind through understanding the electrical and chemical activity of the nervous system | 4 | |
| 463458164 | localization of function | different brain regions control different aspects of psychological functioning | 5 | |
| 463458165 | most famous case of ventromedial prefrontal damage | Phineas Gage | 6 | |
| 463458166 | Broca | (1861) damage to the left frontal lobe- impairs ability to produce fluent speech and follow rules of grammar (but language comprehension is preserved) | 7 | |
| 463458167 | Wernicke | (1874) damage to the left temporal lobe prevents individuals from understanding language and speaking in a way that is comprehensible (even though language is fluent) | 8 | |
| 463458168 | culture (cultural influences and psychology) | influence of membership in a larger group (e.g. nation) | 9 | |
| 463458169 | psychological anthropologists | observe people in other cultures in their natural setting | 10 | |
| 463458170 | cross-cultural psychologists | test psychological hypotheses in different cultures (then try to distinguish universal psychological processes from those that are specific to particular cultures) | 11 | |
| 463458171 | Psychological questions inherited from philosophy | free will vs. determination nature vs. nurture rationalism vs. empiricism continuity vs. discontinuity mental vs. physical | 12 | |
| 463458172 | Wilhelm Wundt | known as "father of psychology" and founded 1st psychology laboratory in Germany in 1879 | 13 | |
| 463458173 | introspection | process of looking inward and reporting on one's conscious experience | 14 | |
| 463458174 | Edward Titscherer | developed a school of thought called structuralism | 15 | |
| 463458175 | William James | wrote 1st psychological textbook proponent of functionalism (early school of thought influenced by Darwinism) | 16 | |
| 463458176 | Thomas Kuhn | (1922-1996) philosopher of science | 17 | |
| 463458177 | textbook written by Kuhn | The Structure of Scientific Revolutions | 18 | |
| 463458178 | normal science | research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice | 19 | |
| 463458179 | paradigms | theoretical frameworks of normal science (a broad system of theoretical assumptions that scientists use to interpret or make sense of their discipline | 20 | |
| 463458180 | scientific revolution | rejection of the older paradigm along with acceptance of the novel theory | 21 | |
| 463458181 | 4 perspectives of psychology | psychodynamics behaviorists cognitive evolutionary | 22 | |
| 463458182 | Psychology perspectives | broad ways of understanding psychological phenomena | 23 | |
| 463458183 | Sigmund Freud | (1856-1939) initiated Psychodynamic perspective focused on dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious mental forces interacting to control behaviors | 24 | |
| 463458184 | 3 key perspectives of psychodynamic perspective | behavior is determined by a dynamic interplay between thoughts, feelings and wishes most mental events are unconscious Mental processes may conflict with one another resulting in anxiety | 25 | |
| 463458185 | metaphor for psychodynamic processes | awareness is like an iceberg (small portion above water is conscious and larger bulk below water is unconscious) | 26 | |
| 463458186 | method of psychodynamic processes | case study (in depth observation of behavior of one person or a small group of individuals) | 27 | |
| 463458187 | data from psychodynamic processes | clinical observations of behaviors, thoughts and feelings | 28 | |
| 463458188 | 3 criticisms of Psychodynamic theory | failure to be scientifically grounded violation of the falsifiability criterion reliance on retrospective accounts | 29 | |
| 463458189 | behaviorists | psychology is the science of behavior (we acquire and maintain our behaviorists as a result of learning) | 30 | |
| 463458190 | behaviorism | dominant perspective in academic psychology from the 1920s to the mid 1960s that sought to discover the general laws of learning in the laboratory and to apply these laws to society as a whole | 31 | |
| 463458191 | 3 key premises of behaviorism | environmentalism, experimentalism, optimism | 32 | |
| 463458192 | environmentalism (premises of behaviorism) | all organisms, including humans, are shaped by the environment | 33 | |
| 463458193 | experimentalism (premises of behaviorism) | experiments can reveal what aspects of the environment cause behavior | 34 | |
| 463458194 | optimism (premises of behaviorism) | people can be changed | 35 | |
| 463458195 | metaphor of behaviorism | humans and other animals are like machines | 36 | |
| 463458196 | method (behaviorism) | experimental method (create a controlled situation to test a hypothesis about how certain environmental events will affect behavior | 37 | |
| 463458197 | data (behaviorism) | quantitative empirical data analyzes that can be replicated (repeated) | 38 | |
| 463458198 | evolutionary perspective | built on darwin's notion of natural selection (human behaviors must be understood in terms of their evolutionary and adaptive significance) | 39 | |
| 463458199 | natural selection | natural forces select traits in organisms that will be passed on to their offspring because they are adaptive (they help organisms adjust to and survive in their environment) | 40 | |
| 463458200 | 2 types of evolutionary psychology | ethology and sociobiology | 41 | |
| 463458201 | ethology | studies animal behavior from a biological and evolutionary perspective | 42 | |
| 463458202 | sociobiology | explores possible evolutionary and biological bases of human social behavior (natural selection as operates on psychological functions as well as physical functions) | 43 | |
| 463458203 | metaphor (evolutionary perspective) | we are all runners in a race, competing for survival, sexual partners and resources | 44 | |
| 463458204 | methods (evolutionary perspective) | mostly deductive, some experimental | 45 | |
| 463458205 | data (evolutionary perspective) | start with a known behavior in a species and attempt to explain it on the basis of evolutionary principles | 46 | |
| 463458206 | 9 major sub-disciplines of psychology | biopsychology development social clinical cognitive personality industrial/Organizational educational health | 47 | |
| 463458207 | Biopsychology (discipline) | investigates the physical basis of psychological phenomena | 48 | |
| 463458208 | development (discipline) | studies the way thought, feeling and behavior develop through out the lifespan | 49 | |
| 463458209 | social (discipline) | examines interactions of individual psychology and group phenomena | 50 | |
| 463458210 | clinical (discipline) | focuses on the nature and treatment of psychological processes that cause emotional distress | 51 | |
| 463458211 | cognitive (discipline) | examines the nature of thought, memory, sensation, perception and language | 52 | |
| 463458212 | personality (discipline) | examines people's enduring ways of responding in different kinds of situations and the ways individuals differ in how they tend to think, feel, and behave | 53 | |
| 463458213 | Industrial/ Organizational (discipline) | examines the behavior of people in organizations and attempts to help solve organizational problems | 54 | |
| 463458214 | educational (discipline) | examines psychological processes in learning and applies psychological knowledge in educational settings | 55 | |
| 463458215 | Health (discipline) | examines psychological factors involved in health and disease | 56 | |
| 463458216 | Pennebaker Study (1990) | College students were assessed on whether mental events influenced physical health ( 1 group wrote emotions and other didn't and their number of trips to the health center were recorded) | 57 | |
| 463458217 | 4 Characteristics of Good Psychological Research | Theoretical Framework Standardized Procedures Generalizabilty of Research Objective Measurement | 58 | |
| 463458218 | Theoretical Framework (theory) | a systematic way of observing and explaining observations | 59 | |
| 463458219 | theoretical framework (hypothesis) | proposed case and effect relationship between 2 or more variables | 60 | |
| 463458220 | theoretical framework (variable) | a phenomenon that changes across circumstances or varies among individuals | 61 | |
| 463458221 | continuous variable | can assume an infinite number of values (e.g. intelligence, body weight) | 62 | |
| 463458222 | categorical variable | can assume a finite number of values (e.g. sex, gender, race) | 63 | |
| 463458223 | standardized procedures | expose the participants in a study to procedures that are as similar as possible, procedures will be the same for all participants except where variation is introduced to test a hypothesis | 64 | |
| 463458224 | generalizability of research | researchers take samples from a limited portion of the entire population (sampling must be representative of population as a whole) | 65 | |
| 463458225 | generalizability | the applicability of the findings to the entire population of interest to the researcher | 66 | |
| 463458226 | for a study to be generalizable its procedures must be: | valid | 67 | |
| 463458227 | internal validity | are the methods/ procedures of the study sound or are they flawed? | 68 | |
| 463458228 | external validity | does the experimental situation resemble the situation found in the real world (i.e. outside the lab)? | 69 | |
| 463458229 | experimenter's dilemma | trade-off in which researchers must choose to place more emphasis on external validity or on internal | 70 | |
| 463458230 | objective measurement (objective) | variable we want to measure (i.e. intelligence) | 71 | |
| 463458231 | objective measurement (idea) | to study a construct, a researcher first must devise a technique to measure it (researchers must devise ways to qualify or categorize variables so they can be measured objectively) | 72 | |
| 463458232 | objective measurement | a measure is a construct way of assessing (or "operationalizing") an abstract construct | 73 | |
| 463458233 | reliability (measure) | a measure's ability to produce consistent results (4 types) | 74 | |
| 463458234 | validity (measure) | a measure's ability to assess the variable of interest- does it actually measure the construct it's supposed to measure? | 75 | |
| 463458235 | 4 Techniques to Determine the Reliability of a measure | Test-retest reliability Inter-rater reliability Alternate form Internal Consistency | 76 | |
| 463458236 | Test-retest reliability | consistency across time (Does the test give similar values if the same person takes the same test 2 or more times?) | 77 | |
| 463458237 | inter-rater reliability | consistency across people (2 or more raters, who independently score the same person on the same variable, should give the person the same or similar scores) | 78 | |
| 463458238 | alternate form | consistency across forms (requires that there are 2 forms of the test that are the same or similar in terms of the number of items, time limits, content, etc.) (least popular method) | 79 | |
| 463458239 | internal consistency | consistency across items (different items that measure the same variable should produce similar results) (most popular method) | 80 | |
| 463458240 | 4 Types of Validity | Face Validity Content Validity Criterion Validity Construct Validity | 81 | |
| 463458241 | Face validity | whether or not the test appears, just by looking at it as though it assesses what it purports to assess (why might a researcher not want face validity? Least important type of validity) | 82 | |
| 463458242 | content validity | does the test content measure a well-defined body of material (typically used to demonstrate validity for educational achievement and employment) | 83 | |
| 463458243 | criterion validity | establishing the relationship between test performance and some external criterion (2 types) | 84 | |
| 463458244 | concurrent (criterion validity) | agreement between test performance and current status on another variable | 85 | |
| 463458245 | predictive (criterion validity) | test aims to predict status on a criterion that will be attained in the future | 86 | |
| 477532993 | construct validity | degree to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure (most important type of validity) | 87 | |
| 477532994 | convergent validity (construct validity) | relatively high correlations between the test and other measures thought to assess the same construct as a test | 88 | |
| 477532995 | discriminant validity (construct validity) | relatively low correlations between the test and other measures thought to assess different constructs than the test | 89 | |
| 477532996 | descriptive research | seeks to describe phenomena as they exist rather than to manipulate variables | 90 | |
| 477532997 | 3 methods of descriptive research | 1) case study 2) Naturalistic Observation 3) Survey Research | 91 | |
| 477532998 | case study | an in-depth observation of the behavior of one person (or small group) | 92 | |
| 477532999 | 2 drawbacks of case study | 1) small sample size (limits generalizabilty) 2)susceptibility to researcher bias | 93 | |
| 477533000 | naturalistic observation | in-depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting (good for generalizability) | 94 | |
| 477533001 | 2 disadvantages of naturalistic observation | 1) observation (per se) can alter natural behavior 2) cannot infer cause(s) of behavior | 95 | |
| 477533002 | survey research | asks questions of a large sample of people to gain information on attitudes or behaviors using interviews or questionnaires | 96 | |
| 477533003 | descriptive statistics | summarize (or describe) raw data to aid our understanding of data | 97 | |
| 477533004 | frequency distribution (descriptive stats) | organizes data into groups of adjacent scores | 98 | |
| 477533005 | histogram (descriptive stats) | plots score ranges along the x axis and score frequencies along the y axis | 99 | |
| 477533006 | central tendency (descriptive stats) | mean, median, and mode | 100 | |
| 477533007 | mean | statistical average of the scores of all participants (add all scores and divide by number of participants) | 101 | |
| 477533008 | median | the score that falls in the middle of the distribution of scores (eliminates outliers) | 102 | |
| 477533009 | mode | most frequent score | 103 | |
| 477533010 | variability | how much participants' scores differ from one another | 104 | |
| 477533011 | range | (simplest measure of variability) displays difference between highest and lowest value | 105 | |
| 477533012 | standard deviation | amount the average participant deviates from the mean | 106 | |
| 477533013 | standard deviation equation | SD=((Σ (X-M)^2) /N)) ^(1/2) | 107 | |
| 477533014 | normal "bell curve" (shapes of distribution) | unimodal symmetrical around its central axis (most naturally occurring phenomena are normally distributed) | 108 | |
| 477533015 | Departures from normality (shapes of distribution) | skewness kurtosis modes | 109 | |
| 477533016 | skewness (shapes of distribution) | degree of symmetry for right and left sides of curve | 110 | |
| 477533017 | kurtosis (shapes of distribution) | the "peakedness" of the distribution | 111 | |
| 477533018 | Leptokurtic (shapes of distribution, kurtosis) | more peaked than normal distribution | 112 | |
| 477533019 | Platykurtic (shapes of distribution, kurtosis) | flatter than normal distribution | 113 | |
| 477533020 | modes (shapes of distribution) | bimodal, multimodal | 114 | |
| 477533021 | correlation research | determines degree to which 2 variables are co-related and association | 115 | |
| 477533022 | cannot infer causation from | correlation | 116 | |
| 477533023 | bivariate distribution | visually represents the relationship between 2 variables (also called a scatterplot) | 117 | |
| 477533024 | correlation coefficient (r) | a statistic that provides a numerical summary of the strength and direction of the relationship depicted in a bivariate distribution | 118 | |
| 477533025 | range of the correlation coefficient | -1.0 to +1.0 | 119 | |
| 477533026 | positive correlation | +1 (direct relationship) | 120 | |
| 477533027 | negative correlation | -1 (indirect relationship) | 121 | |
| 477533028 | zero correlation | 0 (unrelated) | 122 | |
| 477533029 | independent variable (IV) | manipulated by the experimenter (independent of the participants' actions-> outside of their control) | 123 | |
| 477533030 | dependent variable (DV) | response the experimenter measures to see if the experimental manipulation had an effect | 124 | |
| 477533031 | Steps to Experimental Research | 1) framing a hypothesis 2) operationalizing variables 3) developing a standardized procedure 4) selecting and assigning participants 5) applying statistical techniques 6) drawing conclusions | 125 | |
| 477533032 | framing a hypothesis | researcher frames hypothesis that predicts relationship between 2 or more variables | 126 | |
| 477533033 | operationalizing | turning an abstract construct into a concrete variable defined by some set of actions (operations) | 127 | |
| 477533034 | experimental group | experiences different conditions of IV | 128 | |
| 477533035 | control group | experiences a relatively "neutral" condition instead of being exposed to the experimental manipulation | 129 | |
| 477533036 | single-blind study | participants are kept unaware of ("blind" to) crucial information | 130 | |
| 477533037 | placebo effect | a phenomenon in which an experimental invention produced an effect because participants believe it will produce an effect | 131 | |
| 477533038 | double-blind study | both participants and researchers who interact with them are blind to who has been exposed to which experimental condition until the research is completed | 132 | |
| 477533039 | random assignment | essential for internal validity as it minimizes chance that participants in different groups differ in a systematic way | 133 | |
| 477533040 | confounding variable | variable that could produce effects that are confused with the effects of the IV | 134 | |
| 477533041 | quasi-experimental designs | share the logic and many features of the experimental method but do not allow as much control over all relevant variables (no random assignment) | 135 | |
| 477533042 | How to Evaluate a Study Critically | 1) Assess the study's theoretical framework 2) Assess the adequacy of the sample 3) Asses the adequacy of measures and procedures 4) Examine the data 5) Examine the conclusions drawn by investigators 6) Consider the meaning of study 7) Evaluate the ethics of study | 136 | |
| 477533043 | neurons | cells that specialize in the transfer of information within the nervous system | 137 | |
| 477533044 | neuron functions | convey sensory information to the spinal cord and brain, carry out operations involved in thought, feeling and action, and transmit motor commands out into the body to control muscles, glands and organs | 138 | |
| 477533045 | dendrites | receive information from other neurons | 139 | |
| 477533046 | dendrites |  | 140 | |
| 477533047 | cell body | contains the nucleus and creates neurotransmitters | 141 | |
| 477533048 | cell body |  | 142 | |
| 477533049 | axon | long extension from cell body; transmits info to other neurons | 143 | |
| 477533050 | 2 parts of axon | myelin sheath and terminal buttons | 144 | |
| 477533051 | myelin sheath | derived from glial cells; insulates the axon and speeds up conduction of nerve impulses (i.e. action potentials) | 145 | |
| 477533052 | terminal buttons | releases neurotransmitters | 146 | |
| 477533053 | 3 classes of neurons | 1) sensory neurons 2) motor neurons 3) interneurons | 147 | |
| 477533054 | sensory neurons | transmit information from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain (afferent) | 148 | |
| 477533055 | motor neurons | transmit commands away from the brain to the muscles, organs and glands of the body (efferent) | 149 | |
| 477533056 | interneurons | pass information between the various sensory and motor neurons in the same part of the spinal cord or brain | 150 | |
| 477533057 | neuron membrane | (most critical factor in the neuron's ability to communicate is the membrane that encloses the neuron) holds neuron together and controls the environment within and around the neuron polarizes | 151 | |
| 477533058 | neuron resting potential | membrane of the neuron is polarized- separates charges | 152 | |
| 477533059 | 2 ions found in neuron membrane | sodium ion (Na+) potassium ion (K+) | 153 | |
| 477533060 | Na+ in neuron | found mostly on outside of neuron membrane | 154 | |
| 477533061 | K+ in neuron | found mostly on inside of membrane (along with a host of negatively charged anions) | 155 | |
| 477533062 | Can Na+ enter membrane at rest? | no because the protein channels are closed | 156 | |
| 477533063 | electrical potential difference between inside and outside of neuron cell membrane | -70mV | 157 | |
| 477533064 | graded potentials | stimulation of the membrane opens ion channels in the membrane causing spreading voltage changes called graded potentials | 158 | |
| 477533065 | 2 characteristics of graded potentials | 1) the strength of a graded potential diminish as it travels along the cell membrane away from the source 2) the output of a single neuron is not enough to cause a neuron to fire: the postsynaptic neuron must combine graded potentials from many neurons in order to fire | 159 | |
| 477533066 | spatial summation (graded potentials) | combines graded potentials occurring simultaneously at different locations on the dendrites and cell body | 160 | |
| 477533067 | temporal summation (graded potentials) | combines graded potentials arriving a short time apart | 161 | |
| 477533068 | neurotransmitters | chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another | 162 | |
| 477533069 | neurotransmitter location | stored within vesicles of the presynaptic cell | 163 | |
| 477533070 | when are neurotransmitters released? | in response to the action potential sweeping along the presynaptic membrane | 164 | |
| 477533071 | where do neurotransmitters act? | diffuse across the synapse and bind the postsynaptic receptors (protein molecules that can act like "locks" that can be opened only by specific neurotransmitter "keys") | 165 | |
| 477533072 | postsynaptic receptor binding function | open and close ion channels | 166 | |
| 477533073 | excitatory neurotransmitters | depolarize the membrane (e.g. opening Na+ channels) making an action potential more likely | 167 | |
| 477533074 | inhibitory neurotransmitters | hyper-polarizes the membrane (e.g. opening K+ channels) making an action potential less likely | 168 | |
| 477533075 | neurotransmitters that do not bind to postsynaptic receptors are deactivated through | 1) degradation by enzymes 2) reuptake into the vesicles | 169 | |
| 477533076 | 7 types of Neurotransmitters | 1) GABA 2) Glutamine 3) Norepinephrine 4) endorphins 5)Dopamine (DA) 6) Serotonin (5-HT) 7) Acetylcholine | 170 | |
| 477533077 | GABA | inhibitory; found in 1/3 of brain neurons involved in the regulation of anxiety alcohol and benzodiazepines | 171 | |
| 477533078 | glutamine | excitatory; involved in learning, can be neurotoxic | 172 | |
| 477533079 | norepinephrine (NE) | regulates arousal (e.g. blood pressure) behavior and mood (has to do with anxiety and depression) | 173 | |
| 477533080 | endorphins | reduce pain and elevate mood ("runner's high") | 174 | |
| 477533081 | dopamine (DA) | produced in the substantia nigra and released in 1 or 2 pathways | 175 | |
| 477533082 | 2 pathways dopamine goes through | 1) nucleus accumbens- pleasure reward 2) basal ganglia- voluntary movement | 176 | |
| 477533083 | 2 disorders associated with DA | 1) Schizophrenia (too much DA) (treated with drugs that block DA) 2) Parkinson's Disease (not enough DA) (treated with l-dopa a precursor to DA because DA cannot be given directly because it does not cross blood-brain barrier) | 177 | |
| 477533084 | serotonin (5-HT) | regulates pain, sleep, eating, emotional arousal and mood (decreased 5-HT in depression and anxiety) | 178 | |
| 477533085 | acetylcholine (ACh) | involved in learning and memory and muscle contractions (Alzheimer's Disease is the loss of ACh) | 179 | |
| 477533086 | Peripheral Nervous system | 1) Somatic Nervous System 2) Autonomic Nervous System | 180 | |
| 477533087 | Somatic Nervous System | transmits sensory information to the central nervous system and carries out its intentional/ voluntary motor commands (also called the voluntary nervous system because it is involved in intentional actions but also directs involuntary actions like balance and posture) | 181 | |
| 477533088 | Autonomic Nervous System | conveys information to and from our internal bodily structures that carry out our basic life processes | 182 | |
| 477533089 | 2 parts of Autonomic Nervous System | 1) sympathetic ("fight or flight" system) 2) parasympathetic (vegetative functions like regulating blood-sugar levels) | 183 | |
| 478111485 | neuroimaging techniques | use computer programs to convert data taken from brain scanning devices into visual images of the brain | 184 | |
| 478111486 | types of neuroimaging techniques | CT scan MRI PET fMRI | 185 | |
| 478111487 | CT scan | computerized tomography (produces a static picture of brain structures) | 186 | |
| 478111488 | MRI | magnetic resonance imaging (produces a static picture of brain structures) | 187 | |
| 478111489 | PET scan | positron emission tomography (scans use radioactive glucose to map brain regions for high and low activity) | 188 | |
| 478111490 | fMRI | functional magnets resonance imaging (uses strong magnets to watch the brain as an individual carries out psychological tasks and shows brain function) | 189 | |
| 478111491 | thalamus | ("relay station") processes information from each sensory modality (except smell) receives info from the cortex and transmits it to motor system | 190 | |
| 478111492 | basal ganglia | (caudates nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus) important for motor behavior as well as emotion and cognition | 191 | |
| 478111493 | amygdala | (limbic system) plays a major role in emotions, particularly fear | 192 | |
| 478111494 | hippocampus | (limbis system) crucial for explicit memories (conscious) and spatial navigation, vulnerable to stress | 193 | |
| 478207655 | cerebral ventricles | lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd); 3rd and 4th ventricles extend into the brain stem and spinal cord hollow pockets filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | 194 | |
| 478207656 | cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | provides a cushion from physical shock carries away waste product and toxins, carries nutritional substances and neurotransmitters to cell | 195 | |
| 478207657 | hydrocephalus | an enlargement of the ventricles | 196 | |
| 478207658 | cerebral cortex | largest part of human brain (comprising 80% of brain's mass) grayish in color and highly convoluted 3 mm thick layer of densely packed interneurons | 197 | |
| 478207659 | gyri | hills in the cerebral cortex | 198 | |
| 478207660 | sulci | valleys in cerebral cortex | 199 | |
| 478207661 | functions organization of cerebral cortex | primary areas- process raw sensory information or initiate movement association areas- involved in complex mental processes: forming perceptions, ideas and plans | 200 | |
| 478207662 | 4 lobes of cerebral cortex | Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal | 201 | |
| 478207663 | frontal lobe | abstract thinking, planning, social skills | 202 | |
| 478207664 | parietal lobe | touch, spatial orientation, non-verbal thinking | 203 | |
| 478207665 | occipital lobe | vision | 204 | |
| 478207666 | temporal lobe | language, hearing, visual pattern recognition | 205 | |
| 478207667 | cerebral lateralization | cerebral cortex is divided into 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum | 206 | |
| 478207668 | left hemisphere | language, logic, details, analytical, thinking and positive emotions | 207 | |
| 478207669 | right hemisphere | non-linguistic functions (e.g. recognition of faces, places and sounds) gestalt, and negative emotions | 208 | |
| 478207670 | split brain studies | study individuals who have had their corpus callosum surgically cut, blocking communication between the 2 hemispheres | 209 | |
| 478207671 | gene | unit of hereditary transmission | 210 | |
| 478207672 | genes are arranged along | chromosomes- strands of paired DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that spiral around each other and are located in the nucleus of each cell | 211 | |
| 478207673 | number of chromosome pairs in humans | 23 pairs of 46 chromosomes | 212 | |
| 478207674 | alleles | each gene has 2 individual forms of the gene that can be dominant or recessive | 213 | |
| 478207675 | homozygous | both alleles are the same (e.g. RR or rr) | 214 | |
| 478207676 | heterozygous | alleles are different (e.g Rr or rR) | 215 | |
| 478207677 | genotype | specific genes inherited by an individual | 216 | |
| 478207678 | phenotype | specific physical or behavioral characteristics associated with a particular genotype (e.g. eye color) | 217 | |
| 478207679 | behavioral genetics | examines genetic and environmental bases of differences among individuals on psychological traits | 218 | |
| 478207680 | monozygotic (MZ) | identical twins develop from union of same egg and same sperm | 219 | |
| 478207681 | dizygotic (DZ) | fraternal twins who develop from the union of 2 separate eggs and 2 separate sperm | 220 | |
| 478207682 | heritability coefficient | quantifies extent tow which variations in a trait across persons can be accounted for by genetic variation | 221 | |
| 478207683 | heritability coefficient of zero | no heritability (nurture) | 222 | |
| 478207684 | heritability coefficient of 1.0 | trait is completely heritable (nature) | 223 | |
| 478207685 | twin studies have found heritability coefficients of 0.15 to .60 for certain traits | intelligence nurturance conservatism neuroticism aggressiveness job satisfaction likelihood of divorce vocational interests | 224 |
