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Psychology Myers 7th Edition - Ch8: Learning Flashcards

Learning, Chapter 8 of David Myer's 7th Edition Psychology Test

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25399565learninga relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience0
25399566associative learninglearning that certain events occur together, that certain events are ASSOCIATED; includes classical and operant conditioning1
25399567conditioningthe process of learning associations2
25399568operant conditioninglearning to associate a response with a consequence; voluntary; learning how manipulate environment for rewards or punishments (ex. pushing vending machine button gives us candy)3
25399569classic conditioninglearning to associate two stimuli, even unrelated stimuli, beyond the organism's control; involuntary; neutral stimulus can be made to trigger an unconditioned stimulus; Pavlov's dog salivation experiment (ex. dogs salivate at tone)4
25399570observational learninglearning by observing others; Bandura's experiments proved this5
25399571behaviorismWatson's belief that psychology should 1. be objective and 2. study behavior without worrying about unobservable mental processes; psychologists agree with 1 and disagree with 26
25399572unconditioned responseUCR; unlearned naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus (ex. dogs salivating); found in classical conditioning7
25399573unconditioned stimulusUCS; stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response (ex. dog food); found in classical conditioning8
25399574conditioned responseCR; learned response to neutral conditioned stimulus (ex. salivating in response to bell tone); found in classical conditioning9
25399575conditioned stimulusCS; irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a response (ex. bell tone creates dog salivation); found in classical conditioning10
25399576acquisitionthe first stage of classical conditioning; where a neutral stimulus begins to be associated with an unconditioned stimulus/ in operant conditioning, it's ACQUIRING more reason for a certain response (ex. reward)11
25399577extinctionwhen a response is no longer reinforced; when the unconditioned stimulus doesn't follow the conditioned stimulus12
25399578spontaneous recoverysudden reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a rest pause13
25399579generalizationthe tendency to respond to stimuli like the conditioned stimulus in the same manner (ex. fear all furry animals because one bunny bit you)14
25399580discriminationthe learned ability to discriminate between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli (ex. afraid of pit bulls b/c a pit bull attack you once, but you're not afraid of golden retrievers)15
25444573operant conditioninga type of learning in which behavior is strengthened by reinforcers or dimished by punishments; Skinner's practice16
25444574respondent behaviorbehavior that occurs as a RESPONSE to some stimulus; can be natural or conditioned; Skinner's term17
25444575operant behaviorbehavior that OPERATES on the environment to produce a reward or avoid a punishment; (ex. rat in Skinner box presses button for reward)18
25444576law of effectrewarded behavior is likely to reocur; punished behavior is not likely to occur; rewards & punishments EFFECT frequency of behavior; proposed by Thorndike;19
25444577operant chamberalso known as the Skinner box; chamber containing a bar that anmial can manipulate to obtain a reward; used in operant conditioning research20
25444578shapingan operant conditioning procedure which uses reinforcer to guide and SHAPE behavior closer and closer to the goal21
25444579reinforcementany consequence that strengthens behavior; can be positive or negative; a reward or punishment; used in operant conditioning22
25444580positive reinforcementa type of reinforcement that adds a pleasurable stimulus (ex. food, getting a hug)23
25444581negative reinforcementa type of reinforcement that removes a painful stimulus (ex. taking aspirin to stop a headache, Bekah drinking coffee everyday to stop headaches)24
25444582primary reinforcera natural reinforcer; naturally satisfying (ex. getting food when hungry, being relieved of an electric shock)25
25444583conditioned reinforcera learned reinforcer; also called secondary reinforcer (ex. money, button pressing associated with food)26
25444584continuous reinforcementreinforcing the desired response every time it occurs; learning occurs rapidly, weak resistance to extinction27
25444585partial (intermittent) reinforcementreinforcing a response only PART of the time; also called intermittent reinforcement; results in slower learing but greater resistance to extinction28
25444586fixed-ratio scheduleschedule that reinforces behavior after a FIXED number, or RATE of responses (ex. pigeon gets food for every 10 button clicks)29
25444587variable-ratio scheduleschedule that reinforces behavior after a random, VARYING number or RATE of responses; producing high response rates (ex. gambling, fishing)30
25444588fixed-interval scheduleschedule that reinforces behavior after a FIXED amount of time (ex. checking to see if the cookie are done more frequently when they are almost done)31
25444589variable-interval scheduleschedule that reinforces behavior after a VARYING amount of time (ex. "You've got mail!" occurs at random times)32
25444590punishmentan event that decreases a behavior33
25444662positive punishmenta type of punishment that gives a painful, unpleasant stimulus (ex. feeling nauseous after drinking alcohol)34
25447225negative punishmenta type of punishment that removes a pleasant stimulus (ex. time-out, revoked driver's license)35
25447226latent learninglearning that occurs subtly, without the need for reinforcement; learning is not apparent until there is an incentive to show it (ex. rat's learn a cognitive map of a maze to find food)36
25447227cognitive mapa mental representation of the layout of one's environment (ex. rat's memorize mazes)37
25447228overjustification effectthe effect of promising a reward for an activity someone naturally likes to do; when extrinsic motivation replaces intrinsic; an already JUSTIFIABLE fun thing becomes overjustified because you now get money for it38
25447229intrinsic motivationthe desire to perform a behavior simply because you like it; you're INTRested in it39
25447230extrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior so you can get a reward or avoid a punishment40
25447231modelingthe process of observing and imitating a specific behavior41
25447232mirror neuronsfrontal lobe neurons that fire when we "mirror" other people's actions; enable empathy, imitation, and language learning42
25447233prosocialpositive, helpful, constructive behavior; good behavior to mimic; opposite of antisocial43
25447234BanduraBobo man; the man who made kids watch adults punch a Bobo doll; kids mimiced adults behavior44

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