Learning, Chapter 8 of David Myer's 7th Edition Psychology Test
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| 25399565 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 25399566 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together, that certain events are ASSOCIATED; includes classical and operant conditioning | 1 | |
| 25399567 | conditioning | the process of learning associations | 2 | |
| 25399568 | operant conditioning | learning to associate a response with a consequence; voluntary; learning how manipulate environment for rewards or punishments (ex. pushing vending machine button gives us candy) | 3 | |
| 25399569 | classic conditioning | learning to associate two stimuli, even unrelated stimuli, beyond the organism's control; involuntary; neutral stimulus can be made to trigger an unconditioned stimulus; Pavlov's dog salivation experiment (ex. dogs salivate at tone) | 4 | |
| 25399570 | observational learning | learning by observing others; Bandura's experiments proved this | 5 | |
| 25399571 | behaviorism | Watson's belief that psychology should 1. be objective and 2. study behavior without worrying about unobservable mental processes; psychologists agree with 1 and disagree with 2 | 6 | |
| 25399572 | unconditioned response | UCR; unlearned naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus (ex. dogs salivating); found in classical conditioning | 7 | |
| 25399573 | unconditioned stimulus | UCS; stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response (ex. dog food); found in classical conditioning | 8 | |
| 25399574 | conditioned response | CR; learned response to neutral conditioned stimulus (ex. salivating in response to bell tone); found in classical conditioning | 9 | |
| 25399575 | conditioned stimulus | CS; irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a response (ex. bell tone creates dog salivation); found in classical conditioning | 10 | |
| 25399576 | acquisition | the first stage of classical conditioning; where a neutral stimulus begins to be associated with an unconditioned stimulus/ in operant conditioning, it's ACQUIRING more reason for a certain response (ex. reward) | 11 | |
| 25399577 | extinction | when a response is no longer reinforced; when the unconditioned stimulus doesn't follow the conditioned stimulus | 12 | |
| 25399578 | spontaneous recovery | sudden reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a rest pause | 13 | |
| 25399579 | generalization | the tendency to respond to stimuli like the conditioned stimulus in the same manner (ex. fear all furry animals because one bunny bit you) | 14 | |
| 25399580 | discrimination | the learned ability to discriminate between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli (ex. afraid of pit bulls b/c a pit bull attack you once, but you're not afraid of golden retrievers) | 15 | |
| 25444573 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened by reinforcers or dimished by punishments; Skinner's practice | 16 | |
| 25444574 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as a RESPONSE to some stimulus; can be natural or conditioned; Skinner's term | 17 | |
| 25444575 | operant behavior | behavior that OPERATES on the environment to produce a reward or avoid a punishment; (ex. rat in Skinner box presses button for reward) | 18 | |
| 25444576 | law of effect | rewarded behavior is likely to reocur; punished behavior is not likely to occur; rewards & punishments EFFECT frequency of behavior; proposed by Thorndike; | 19 | |
| 25444577 | operant chamber | also known as the Skinner box; chamber containing a bar that anmial can manipulate to obtain a reward; used in operant conditioning research | 20 | |
| 25444578 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure which uses reinforcer to guide and SHAPE behavior closer and closer to the goal | 21 | |
| 25444579 | reinforcement | any consequence that strengthens behavior; can be positive or negative; a reward or punishment; used in operant conditioning | 22 | |
| 25444580 | positive reinforcement | a type of reinforcement that adds a pleasurable stimulus (ex. food, getting a hug) | 23 | |
| 25444581 | negative reinforcement | a type of reinforcement that removes a painful stimulus (ex. taking aspirin to stop a headache, Bekah drinking coffee everyday to stop headaches) | 24 | |
| 25444582 | primary reinforcer | a natural reinforcer; naturally satisfying (ex. getting food when hungry, being relieved of an electric shock) | 25 | |
| 25444583 | conditioned reinforcer | a learned reinforcer; also called secondary reinforcer (ex. money, button pressing associated with food) | 26 | |
| 25444584 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs; learning occurs rapidly, weak resistance to extinction | 27 | |
| 25444585 | partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only PART of the time; also called intermittent reinforcement; results in slower learing but greater resistance to extinction | 28 | |
| 25444586 | fixed-ratio schedule | schedule that reinforces behavior after a FIXED number, or RATE of responses (ex. pigeon gets food for every 10 button clicks) | 29 | |
| 25444587 | variable-ratio schedule | schedule that reinforces behavior after a random, VARYING number or RATE of responses; producing high response rates (ex. gambling, fishing) | 30 | |
| 25444588 | fixed-interval schedule | schedule that reinforces behavior after a FIXED amount of time (ex. checking to see if the cookie are done more frequently when they are almost done) | 31 | |
| 25444589 | variable-interval schedule | schedule that reinforces behavior after a VARYING amount of time (ex. "You've got mail!" occurs at random times) | 32 | |
| 25444590 | punishment | an event that decreases a behavior | 33 | |
| 25444662 | positive punishment | a type of punishment that gives a painful, unpleasant stimulus (ex. feeling nauseous after drinking alcohol) | 34 | |
| 25447225 | negative punishment | a type of punishment that removes a pleasant stimulus (ex. time-out, revoked driver's license) | 35 | |
| 25447226 | latent learning | learning that occurs subtly, without the need for reinforcement; learning is not apparent until there is an incentive to show it (ex. rat's learn a cognitive map of a maze to find food) | 36 | |
| 25447227 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment (ex. rat's memorize mazes) | 37 | |
| 25447228 | overjustification effect | the effect of promising a reward for an activity someone naturally likes to do; when extrinsic motivation replaces intrinsic; an already JUSTIFIABLE fun thing becomes overjustified because you now get money for it | 38 | |
| 25447229 | intrinsic motivation | the desire to perform a behavior simply because you like it; you're INTRested in it | 39 | |
| 25447230 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior so you can get a reward or avoid a punishment | 40 | |
| 25447231 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | 41 | |
| 25447232 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when we "mirror" other people's actions; enable empathy, imitation, and language learning | 42 | |
| 25447233 | prosocial | positive, helpful, constructive behavior; good behavior to mimic; opposite of antisocial | 43 | |
| 25447234 | Bandura | Bobo man; the man who made kids watch adults punch a Bobo doll; kids mimiced adults behavior | 44 |
