Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment
on pages 468 to 509
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| 1149104596 | Personality | An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits. | 0 | |
| 1149104597 | Personality trait | A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. | 1 | |
| 1149104598 | Factor analysis | Correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables. | 2 | |
| 1149104599 | Psychodynamic threories | All the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces. | 3 | |
| 1149104600 | Id | The primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle. | 4 | |
| 1149104601 | Pleasure principle | Demands immediate gratification of its urges. | 5 | |
| 1149104602 | Ego | The decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. | 6 | |
| 1149104603 | Reality principle | Seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. | 7 | |
| 1149104604 | Superego | The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. | 8 | |
| 1149104605 | Conscious | Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time. | 9 | |
| 1149104606 | Preconcious | Material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved. | 10 | |
| 1149104607 | Unconcious | Contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior. | 11 | |
| 1149104608 | Defense mechanisms | Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt. | 12 | |
| 1149104609 | Rationalization | Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. | 13 | |
| 1149104610 | Repression | Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. | 14 | |
| 1149104611 | Projection | Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. | 15 | |
| 1149104612 | Displacement | Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target. | 16 | |
| 1149104613 | Reaction formation | Behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings. | 17 | |
| 1149104614 | Regression | A reversion to immature patterns of behavior. | 18 | |
| 1149104615 | Identification | Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group. | 19 | |
| 1149104616 | Psychosexual stages | Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality. | 20 | |
| 1149104617 | Fixation | A failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected. | 21 | |
| 1149104618 | Oedipal complex | Children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent. | 22 | |
| 1149104619 | Personal unconscious | Houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. | 23 | |
| 1149104620 | Collective unconscious | A storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from peoples ancestral past. | 24 | |
| 1149104621 | Archetypes | Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. | 25 | |
| 1149104622 | Introverts | People who tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. | 26 | |
| 1149104623 | Extraverts | People who tend to be interested in the external world of people and things. | 27 | |
| 1149104624 | Striving for superiority | A universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges. | 28 | |
| 1149104625 | Compensation | Efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities. | 29 | |
| 1149104626 | Behaviorism | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. | 30 | |
| 1149104627 | Reciprocal determinism | The idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another. | 31 | |
| 1149104628 | Observational learning | Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. | 32 | |
| 1149104629 | Model | A person whose behavior is observed by another. | 33 | |
| 1149104630 | Self-efficacy | One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. | 34 | |
| 1149104631 | Humanism | A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. | 35 | |
| 1149104632 | Phenomenological approach | One has to appreciate the individual's personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior. | 36 | |
| 1149104633 | Self-concept | A collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. | 37 | |
| 1149104634 | Incongruence | The degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience. | 38 | |
| 1149104635 | Hierarchy of needs | A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused. | 39 | |
| 1149104636 | Need for self-actualization | The need to fulfill one's potential. | 40 | |
| 1149104637 | Self-actualizing persons | People with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth. | 41 | |
| 1149104638 | Individualism | Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships. | 42 | |
| 1149104639 | Collectivism | Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to. | 43 | |
| 1149104640 | Self-enhancement | Focusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one's strengths, and seeing oneself as above average. | 44 | |
| 1149104641 | Self-report inventories | Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior. | 45 | |
| 1149104642 | Projective tests | Personality tests that ask participants to respond to vague stimuli in ways that may reveal subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits. | 46 | |
| 1149104643 | Hindsight bias | The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out. | 47 |
