Learning
on pages 214 to 257
Terms : Hide Images
| 1134549023 | Learning | Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience. | 0 | |
| 1134549024 | Phobias | Irrational fears of specific objects or situations. | 1 | |
| 1134549025 | Classical conditioning | A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. | 2 | |
| 1134558639 | Pavlovian conditioning | A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. | 3 | |
| 1134549026 | Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. | 4 | |
| 1134549027 | Unconditioned response (UCR) | An unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. | 5 | |
| 1134549028 | Conditioned stimulus (CS) | Previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. | 6 | |
| 1134549029 | Conditioned response (CR) | A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning. | 7 | |
| 1134558640 | Elicit | To draw forth. | 8 | |
| 1134549030 | Trial | In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli. | 9 | |
| 1134549031 | Acquisition | The initial stage of learning something. | 10 | |
| 1134549032 | Extinction | The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency. | 11 | |
| 1134549033 | Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus. | 12 | |
| 1134549034 | Stimulus generalization | Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds to the original stimulus. | 13 | |
| 1134549035 | Stimulus discrimination | Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus. | 14 | |
| 1134549036 | Higher-order conditioning | A conditioned stimulus functions as if it was an unconditioned stimulus. | 15 | |
| 1134549037 | Operant conditioning | A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences. | 16 | |
| 1134558641 | Instrumental learning | A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences. | 17 | |
| 1134549038 | Law of effect | If a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened. | 18 | |
| 1134549039 | Reinforcement | Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response. | 19 | |
| 1134549040 | Operant Chamber | A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled. | 20 | |
| 1134549041 | Skinner box | A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled. | 21 | |
| 1134549042 | Emit | To send forth. | 22 | |
| 1134549043 | Reinforcement contingencies | The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcement. | 23 | |
| 1134549044 | Cumulative recorder | A graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time. | 24 | |
| 1134549045 | Shaping | The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response. | 25 | |
| 1134549046 | Resistance to extinction | When an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated. | 26 | |
| 1134549047 | Discriminative stimuli | Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement) of a response. | 27 | |
| 1134549048 | Primary reinforcers | Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. | 28 | |
| 1134549049 | Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers | Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. | 29 | |
| 1134549050 | Conditioned reinforcers | Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. | 30 | |
| 1134549051 | Schedule of reinforcement | Determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer. | 31 | |
| 1134549052 | Continuous reinforcement | When every instance of a designated response is reinforced. | 32 | |
| 1134549053 | Intermittent reinforcement | When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time. | 33 | |
| 1134549054 | Partial reinforcement | When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time. | 34 | |
| 1134549055 | Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule | The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses. | 35 | |
| 1134549056 | Variable-ratio (VR) schedule | The reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses. | 36 | |
| 1134549057 | Fixed-interval (FI) schedule | The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed. | 37 | |
| 1134549058 | Variable-interval (VI) schedule | The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. | 38 | |
| 1134549059 | Positive reinforcement | Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus. | 39 | |
| 1134549060 | Negative reinforcement | Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. | 40 | |
| 1134549061 | Escape learning | An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation. | 41 | |
| 1134549062 | Avoidance learning | An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring. | 42 | |
| 1134549063 | Punishment | When an event is following a response weakens the tendency to make that response. | 43 | |
| 1134549064 | Instinctive drift | When an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes. | 44 | |
| 1134549065 | Latent learning | Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs. | 45 | |
| 1134549066 | Observational learning | When an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. | 46 | |
| 1134549067 | Behavior modification | A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning. | 47 | |
| 1134549068 | Behavioral contract | A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavioral modification program. | 48 | |
| 1134549069 | Evaluative conditioning | Efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a UCS to a new CS. | 49 |
