Language and Thought
on pages 298 to 333
Terms : Hide Images
| 1140220828 | Cognition | Mental processes or thinking. | 0 | |
| 1140220829 | Language | Symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages. | 1 | |
| 1140220830 | Phomemes | The smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually. | 2 | |
| 1140220831 | Morphenes | The smallest units of meaning in a language. | 3 | |
| 1140220832 | Semantics | The area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations. | 4 | |
| 1140220833 | Syntax | A system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences. | 5 | |
| 1140220834 | Fast mapping | The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure. | 6 | |
| 1140220835 | Overextension | When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to. | 7 | |
| 1140220836 | Underextensions | When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to. | 8 | |
| 1140220837 | Telegraphic speech | Content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted. | 9 | |
| 1140220838 | Mean length of Utterance (MLU) | The average length of youngsters' spoken statements (measured in morphemes). | 10 | |
| 1140220839 | Overregularizations | When grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply. | 11 | |
| 1140220840 | Metalinhuistic awareness | The ability to reflect on the use of language. | 12 | |
| 1140220841 | Bilingualism | The acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules. | 13 | |
| 1140220842 | Acculturation | The degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture. | 14 | |
| 1140220843 | Language acquisition device (LAD) | An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of a language. | 15 | |
| 1140220844 | Linguistic relativity | The hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought. | 16 | |
| 1140220845 | Problem solving | Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable. | 17 | |
| 1140220846 | Functional fixedness | The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use. | 18 | |
| 1140220847 | Mental set | When people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past. | 19 | |
| 1140220848 | Insight | When people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while. | 20 | |
| 1140220849 | Problem space | The set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver. | 21 | |
| 1140220850 | Trial and error | Trying possible solutions and discarding those that are in error until one works. | 22 | |
| 1140220851 | Algorithm | A methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem. | 23 | |
| 1140220852 | Heuristic | A guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions. | 24 | |
| 1140220853 | Field dependence independence | Individuals' tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space. | 25 | |
| 1140220854 | Decision making | Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them. | 26 | |
| 1140220855 | Theory of bounded rationality | People tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only a few facets of available options and often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal. | 27 | |
| 1140220856 | Risky decision making | Making choices under conditions of uncertainty. | 28 | |
| 1140220857 | Availability heuristic | Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. | 29 | |
| 1140220858 | Representativeness heuristic | Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event. | 30 | |
| 1140220859 | Conjunction fallacy | When people estimate the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone. | 31 | |
| 1140220860 | Alternative outcomes effect | When people's belief about whether an outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant. | 32 | |
| 1140220861 | Gambler's fallacy | The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently. | 33 | |
| 1140220862 | Confirmation bias | The tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs. | 34 | |
| 1140220863 | Framing | How decision issues are posed or how choices are structured. | 35 |
