Human Memory (7)
Pages 258 to 297, terms 1 to 53;
Language and Thought (8)
Pages 298 to 333, terms 54 to 89;
Intelligence and Psychological Testing (9)
Pages 334 to 373, terms 90 to 115
Terms : Hide Images
| 1146903088 | Encoding | Forming a memory code. | 0 | |
| 1146903089 | Storage | Maintaining encoded information in memory over time. | 1 | |
| 1146903090 | Retrieval | Recovering information from memory stores. | 2 | |
| 1146903091 | Attention | Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events. | 3 | |
| 1146903092 | Levels-of-processing theory | Deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes. | 4 | |
| 1146903093 | Elaboration | Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding. | 5 | |
| 1146903094 | Dual-coding theory | Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either lead to recall. | 6 | |
| 1146903095 | Self-referent encoding | Deciding how or whether information in personally relevant. | 7 | |
| 1146903096 | Sensory memory | Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of second. | 8 | |
| 1146903097 | Short-term memory (STM) | A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds. | 9 | |
| 1146903098 | Rehearsal | The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information. | 10 | |
| 1146903099 | Chunk | A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit. | 11 | |
| 1146903100 | Long-term memory (LTM) | An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time. | 12 | |
| 1146903101 | Flashbulb memories | Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events. | 13 | |
| 1146903102 | Conceptual hierarchy | A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items. | 14 | |
| 1146903103 | Schema | An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted fro previous experience with the object or event. | 15 | |
| 1146903104 | Semantic network | Nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts. | 16 | |
| 1146903105 | Connectionist models | Cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks. | 17 | |
| 1146903106 | Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models | Cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks. | 18 | |
| 1146903107 | Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by the feeling that it's just out of reach. | 19 | |
| 1146903108 | Misinformation effect | Participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information. | 20 | |
| 1146903109 | Source monitoring | Making attributions about the origins of memories. | 21 | |
| 1146903110 | source-monitoring error | A memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source. | 22 | |
| 1146903111 | Reality monitoring | The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations). | 23 | |
| 1146903112 | Nonsense syllables | Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words. | 24 | |
| 1146903113 | Forgetting curve | Graphs retention and forgetting over time. | 25 | |
| 1146903114 | Retention | The proportion of material retained (remembered). | 26 | |
| 1146903115 | Recall | A measure of attention that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any clues. | 27 | |
| 1146903116 | Recognition | A measure of retention that requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options. | 28 | |
| 1146903117 | Relearning | A measure of retention that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having it learned it before. | 29 | |
| 1146903118 | Decay theory | Forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time. | 30 | |
| 1146903119 | Interference theory | People forget information because of competition from other material. | 31 | |
| 1146903120 | Retroactive interference | When new information impairs the retention of previously learned information. | 32 | |
| 1146903121 | Proactive interference | When previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information. | 33 | |
| 1146903122 | Encoding specificity principle | The value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code. | 34 | |
| 1146903123 | Transfer-appropriate processing | When the initial processing of information in similar to the type of processing required by subsequent measure of retention. | 35 | |
| 1146903124 | Repression | Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. | 36 | |
| 1146903125 | Long-term potentiation (LTP) | A long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway. | 37 | |
| 1146903126 | Retrograde amnesia | The loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia. | 38 | |
| 1146903127 | Anterograde amnesia | The loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia. | 39 | |
| 1146903128 | Consolidation | A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory. | 40 | |
| 1146903129 | Declarative memory system | Handles factual information. | 41 | |
| 1146903130 | Non-declarative memory system | Houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses. | 42 | |
| 1146903131 | Episodic memory system | Chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experience. | 43 | |
| 1146903132 | Semantic memory system | General knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned. | 44 | |
| 1146903133 | Prospective memory | Remembering to perform actions in the future. | 45 | |
| 1146903134 | Retrospective memory | Remembering events from the past or previously learned information. | 46 | |
| 1146903135 | Mnemonic devices | Strategies for enhancing memory. | 47 | |
| 1146903136 | Overlearning | Continued rehearsal of material after you have mastered it. | 48 | |
| 1146903137 | Serial-position effect | When subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than in the middle. | 49 | |
| 1146903138 | Link method | Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them all together. | 50 | |
| 1146903139 | Method of loci | Taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations. | 51 | |
| 1146903140 | Hindsight bias | The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out. | 52 | |
| 1146903141 | Cognition | Mental processes or thinking. | 53 | |
| 1146903142 | Language | Symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages. | 54 | |
| 1146903143 | Phomemes | The smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually. | 55 | |
| 1146903144 | Morphenes | The smallest units of meaning in a language. | 56 | |
| 1146903145 | Semantics | The area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of cords and word combinations. | 57 | |
| 1146903146 | Syntax | A system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences. | 58 | |
| 1146903147 | Fast mapping | The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure. | 59 | |
| 1146903148 | Overextension | When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to. | 60 | |
| 1146903149 | Underextensions | When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to. | 61 | |
| 1146903150 | Telegraphic speech | Content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted. | 62 | |
| 1146903151 | Mean length of Utterance (MLU) | The average length of youngsters' spoken statements (measured in morphemes). | 63 | |
| 1146903152 | Overregularizations | When grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply. | 64 | |
| 1146903153 | Metalinhuistic awareness | The ability to reflect on the use of language. | 65 | |
| 1146903154 | Bilingualism | The acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules. | 66 | |
| 1146903155 | Acculturation | The degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture. | 67 | |
| 1146903156 | Language acquisition device (LAD) | An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of a language. | 68 | |
| 1146903157 | Linguistic relativity | The hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought. | 69 | |
| 1146903158 | Problem solving | Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable. | 70 | |
| 1146903159 | Functional fixedness | The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use. | 71 | |
| 1146903160 | Mental set | When people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past. | 72 | |
| 1146903161 | Insight | When people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while. | 73 | |
| 1146903162 | Problem space | The set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver. | 74 | |
| 1146903163 | Trial and error | Trying possible solutions and discarding those that are in error until one works. | 75 | |
| 1146903164 | Algorithm | A methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem. | 76 | |
| 1146903165 | Heuristic | A guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions. | 77 | |
| 1146903166 | Field dependence independence | Individuals' tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space. | 78 | |
| 1146903167 | Decision making | Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them. | 79 | |
| 1146903168 | Theory of bounded rationality | People tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only a few facets of available options and often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal. | 80 | |
| 1146903169 | Risky decision making | Making choices under conditions of uncertainty. | 81 | |
| 1146903170 | Availability heuristic | Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. | 82 | |
| 1146903171 | Representativeness heuristic | Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event. | 83 | |
| 1146903172 | Conjunction fallacy | When people estimate the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone. | 84 | |
| 1146903173 | Alternative outcomes effect | When people's belief about whether an outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant. | 85 | |
| 1146903174 | Gambler's fallacy | The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently. | 86 | |
| 1146903175 | Confirmation bias | The tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs. | 87 | |
| 1146903176 | Framing | How decision issues are posed or how choices are structured. | 88 | |
| 1146903202 | Psychological test | A standardized measure of a sample of person's behavior. | 89 | |
| 1146903177 | Intelligence tests | Measure general mental ability. | 90 | |
| 1146903178 | Aptitude tests | Assess specific types of mental abilities. | 91 | |
| 1146903179 | Achievement tests | Gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects. | 92 | |
| 1146903180 | Personality tests | Measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes. | 93 | |
| 1146903181 | Standardization | The uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test. | 94 | |
| 1146903182 | Test norms | Information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test. | 95 | |
| 1146903183 | Percentile score | Indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained. | 96 | |
| 1146903184 | Reliability | The measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques). | 97 | |
| 1146903185 | Correlation Coefficient | A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables. | 98 | |
| 1146903186 | Validity | The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure. | 99 | |
| 1146903187 | Content validity | The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover. | 100 | |
| 1146903188 | Criterion-related validity | Correlating subjects' scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test. | 101 | |
| 1146903189 | Construct validity | The extent to which evidence shows that a teat measures a particular hypothetical construct. | 102 | |
| 1146903190 | Mental age | The mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age. | 103 | |
| 1146903191 | Intelligence quotient (IQ) | Is a child's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. | 104 | |
| 1146903192 | Normal distribution | A symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population. | 105 | |
| 1146903193 | Deviation IQ scores | Locates subjects precisely within the normal distribution, using the standard deviation as the unit of measurement. | 106 | |
| 1146903194 | Mental retardation | Refers to the subaverage general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills, originating before age 18. | 107 | |
| 1146903195 | Heritability ratio | An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance. | 108 | |
| 1146903196 | Reaction range | Genetically determined limits on IQ (or other traits). | 109 | |
| 1146903197 | Emotional intelligence | Consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion and regulate emotion. | 110 | |
| 1146903198 | Creativity | The generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful. | 111 | |
| 1146903199 | Convergent thinking | In which one tries to narrow down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer. | 112 | |
| 1146903200 | Divergent thinking | In which one tries to expand on the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions. | 113 | |
| 1146903201 | Reification | When a hypothetical, abstract concept is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete tangible object. | 114 |
