9th book edition
Study guide: chapters 1, 2, and 12
Terms : Hide Images
| 1660952797 | Wilhelm Wundt | Established the first formal laboratory for research in psychology at the University of Leipzig. Fought to make psychology independent discipline. Said psychology is the study of consciousness. | 0 | |
| 1660952798 | John B. Watson | Founder of behaviorism. Focused on behavior and suggested abandoning study of consciousness | 1 | |
| 1660952799 | Sigmund Freud | Psychoanalysis. Treated people troubled by psychological problems. Suggested that behavior is influenced by how we cope with sexual urges. | 2 | |
| 1660952800 | Structuralism | Based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related. | 3 | |
| 1660952801 | Functionalism | Based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consiousness, rather than its structure. | 4 | |
| 1660952802 | Structuralist | Edward Titchner | 5 | |
| 1660952803 | Functionalist | William James | 6 | |
| 1660952804 | What two (parent) disciplines did psychology emerge from? | Philosophy and physiology | 7 | |
| 1660952805 | What did philosophy and physiology contribute to psychology? | Way of thinking to search for knowledge and the processes that take place in the body. | 8 | |
| 1660952806 | Introspection | Careful systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience. | 9 | |
| 1660952807 | How does behaviorism view human nature? | It views it as something that can be manipulated and made. | 10 | |
| 1660952808 | How does psychoanalysis view human nature | As sex addicts | 11 | |
| 1660952809 | Empiricism | Premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation. | 12 | |
| 1660952810 | Control Group | Subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group. | 13 | |
| 1660952811 | Experimental Group | Consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable. | 14 | |
| 1660952812 | Random Assignment | When all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study. | 15 | |
| 1660952813 | Correlation Research | Exists when two variables are related to each other. | 16 | |
| 1660952814 | Experimental Research | Research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observers whether any changes occur in a second variable result. | 17 | |
| 1660952815 | Advantage/Disadvantage of Naturalistic Observation | Can see subject in natural habitat/ Subject is being watched so the subject may act differently than when not being watched | 18 | |
| 1660952816 | Advantage/Disadvantage of Survey Research | Able to learn about people by asking them questions/ Participants may lie about the answers they give | 19 | |
| 1660952817 | Advantage/Disadvantage of Case Studies | Able to learn about subject in depth/ Not able to reproduce outcome | 20 | |
| 1660952818 | Naturalistic Observation | Researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects. | 21 | |
| 1660952819 | Survey Research | Questionnaire or interview to gather information about specific aspects of participants background, attitudes, beliefs, or behavior. | 22 | |
| 1660952820 | Case Study | In-depth investigation of an individual subject. | 23 | |
| 1660952821 | Placebo Effect | Change in a participant's illness that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect rather than the actual treatment | 24 | |
| 1660952822 | Sample Bias | Exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn. | 25 | |
| 1660952823 | Experimenter Bias | Occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of the study influence the results obtained. | 26 | |
| 1660952824 | Social Desirability Bias | Tendency to give sociall approved answers to questions about oneself. | 27 | |
| 1660952825 | Three Goals of Scientific Method (explain each) | Measurement and description - develop measurement techniques that clearly and precisely describe behavior Understanding and prediction - make and test hypotheses Application and Control - Apply findings to practical problems | 28 | |
| 1660952826 | Social Psychology | Branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. | 29 | |
| 1660952827 | Person Perception | Process of forming impressions of others. | 30 | |
| 1660952828 | Stereotypes | Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. | 31 | |
| 1660952829 | Internal Attribution | Ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings. | 32 | |
| 1660952830 | External Attribution | Ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints. | 33 | |
| 1660952831 | Fundamental Attribution Error | Observer's bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior. | 34 | |
| 1660952832 | Self-serving Bias | Tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors. | 35 | |
| 1660952833 | Attitudes | Positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought. | 36 | |
| 1660952834 | Conformity | When people yield to real or imagined social pressure. | 37 | |
| 1660952835 | Obedience | Form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority. | 38 | |
| 1660952836 | Social-loafing | Reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves. | 39 | |
| 1660952837 | Passionate Love | Complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion. | 40 | |
| 1660952838 | Companionate Love | Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own. | 41 | |
| 1660952839 | Secure Relationship | Easy to get close to others and have trusting relationships | 42 | |
| 1660952840 | Anxious-ambivalent | Preoccupation with love accompanied by expectations of rejection | 43 | |
| 1660952841 | Avoidant | Difficult to get close to others relationship lacks intimacy and trust | 44 | |
| 1660952842 | Cognitive Dissonance | Exists when related attitudes or beliefs are inconsistent - when they contradict each other. | 45 | |
| 1660952843 | Key Findings of Asch's Study | People conform under social pressure (line card test) | 46 | |
| 1660952844 | Key Findings of Milgram's Study | The essence of obedience is that a person comes to view himself as the instrument for carrying out another persons wishes, and he therefor no longer regards himself as responsible for his actions. (man is electrocuted when answers incorrectly) | 47 | |
| 1660952845 | Key Findings of Zimbardo's Study | When playing a role (a prisoner) you abide by what the guards say and give up freedom. | 48 | |
| 1660952846 | B.F. Skinner | Suggested that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes. Controlled by environment. | 49 | |
| 1660952847 | Carl Rogers | To understand peoples behavior one must take into account the human drive toward personal growth. Innovative treatment for psychological disorders and problems. | 50 | |
| 1660952848 | William James | Said functionalism is the way to go. He argued consciousness consists of a continuous flow of thoughts and is a necessary part of psychology. | 51 | |
| 1660952849 | Mary Calkins | Invented a widely used technique for studying memory. Studied under William James. | 52 | |
| 1660952850 | Margaret Washburn | Wrote "The Animal Mind" which served as an impetus to the emergence of behaviorism. | 53 | |
| 1660952851 | Leta Hollingworth | Wrote and conducted studies that proved women were equal with men. | 54 | |
| 1660952852 | Edward B. Titchner | Played a major role in developing psychology as an experimental science. | 55 | |
| 1660952853 | Martin Seligman | Positive Psychology | 56 | |
| 1660952854 | Independent Variable | Condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable. | 57 | |
| 1660952855 | Dependent Variable | Variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable. | 58 | |
| 1660952856 | Hypothesis | A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. | 59 | |
| 1660952857 | Steps in the Scientific Method | 1.) Form testable hypothesis 2.) Select research method and design study 3.) Collect Data 4.) Analyze data and draw conclusions 5.) Report findings | 60 | |
| 1660952858 | Humanism | Theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. | 61 | |
| 1660952859 | Psychoanalytic Theory | Attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. | 62 | |
| 1660952860 | Cognition | Refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. | 63 | |
| 1660952861 | Behavior | Refers to any overt (observable) response or activity by on organism. | 64 |
