Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology (22 terms)
pages 0-35;
Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology (40 terms)
pages 36-71;
Chapter 16: Social Behavior (42 terms)
pages 632-675;
Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior (69 terms)
pages 72-117;
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception (66 terms)
pages 118-171;
Transcribed by alexwyllie
Terms : Hide Images
| 1651288909 | Structuralism | A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related. | 0 | |
| 1651288910 | Introspection | Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience. | 1 | |
| 1651288911 | Functionalism | A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure. | 2 | |
| 1651288912 | Natural selection | Principle stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternate characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time. | 3 | |
| 1651288913 | Unconscious | According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of unconscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior. | 4 | |
| 1651288914 | Psychoanalytic theory | A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. | 5 | |
| 1651288915 | Behaviorism | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. | 6 | |
| 1651288916 | Behavior | Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism. | 7 | |
| 1651288917 | Humanism | A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. | 8 | |
| 1651288918 | Applied Psychology | The Branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems. | 9 | |
| 1651288919 | Clinical psychology | The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. | 10 | |
| 1651288920 | Cognition | The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. | 11 | |
| 1651288921 | Ethnocentrism | The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways. | 12 | |
| 1651288922 | Evolutionary psychology | Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations. | 13 | |
| 1651288923 | Positive psychology | Approach to psychology that uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence. | 14 | |
| 1651288924 | Psychology | The science that studies behavior and the psychological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems. | 15 | |
| 1651288925 | Psychiatry | A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. | 16 | |
| 1651288926 | Empiricism | The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation. | 17 | |
| 1651288927 | Theory | A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations. | 18 | |
| 1651288928 | Culture | The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and any other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations. | 19 | |
| 1651288929 | SQ3R | A study system designed to promote effective reading by means of five steps: survey, question, read, recite, review. | 20 | |
| 1651288930 | Critical thinking | The use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome. | 21 | |
| 1651288931 | Hypothesis | A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. | 22 | |
| 1651288932 | Variables | Any measurable conditions, events, characters, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study. | 23 | |
| 1651288933 | Theory | A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations. | 24 | |
| 1651288934 | Operational definition | A definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable. | 25 | |
| 1651288935 | Participants | The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically observed in a study. | 26 | |
| 1651288936 | Subjects | The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically observed in a study. | 27 | |
| 1651288937 | Data collection techniques | Procedures for making empirical observations and measurements. | 28 | |
| 1651288938 | Journal | A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry. | 29 | |
| 1651288939 | Research methods | Differing approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies. | 30 | |
| 1651288940 | Experiment | A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result. | 31 | |
| 1651288941 | Independent variable | In an experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable. | 32 | |
| 1651288942 | Dependent variable | In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. | 33 | |
| 1651288943 | Experimental group | The subjects in a study who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable. | 34 | |
| 1651288944 | Control group | Subjects in a study who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group. | 35 | |
| 1651288945 | Extraneous variables | Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study. | 36 | |
| 1651288946 | Confounding of variables | A condition that exists whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects. | 37 | |
| 1651288947 | Random assignment | The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition. | 38 | |
| 1651288948 | Case study | An in-depth investigation of an individual subject. | 39 | |
| 1651288949 | Survey | A descriptive research method in which researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects' behavior. | 40 | |
| 1651288950 | Statistics | The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data. | 41 | |
| 1651288951 | Descriptive statistics | Statistics that are used to organize and summarize data. | 42 | |
| 1651288952 | Median | The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores. | 43 | |
| 1651288953 | Mean | The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution. | 44 | |
| 1651288954 | Mode | The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution. | 45 | |
| 1651288955 | Variability | The extent to which the scores in a data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean. | 46 | |
| 1651288956 | Standard deviation | An index in the amount of variability in a set of data. | 47 | |
| 1651288957 | Correlation | The extent to which two variables are related to each other. | 48 | |
| 1651288958 | Correlation coefficient | A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables. | 49 | |
| 1651288959 | Inferential statistics. | Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions. | 50 | |
| 1651288960 | Statistical significance | The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low. | 51 | |
| 1651288961 | Replication | The repetition of a study to see if the earlier results were duplicated. | 52 | |
| 1651288962 | Sample | The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study. | 53 | |
| 1651288963 | Population | The larger collection of animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about. | 54 | |
| 1651288964 | Sampling bias | A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn. | 55 | |
| 1651288965 | Placebo effects | The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience changes even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment. | 56 | |
| 1651288966 | Social desirability bias | A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself. | 57 | |
| 1651288967 | Response set | A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions. | 58 | |
| 1651288968 | Experimenter bias | A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained. | 59 | |
| 1651288969 | Double-blind procedure | A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups. | 60 | |
| 1651288970 | Anecdotal evidence | Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences. | 61 | |
| 1651288971 | Social Psychology | The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. | 62 | |
| 1651288972 | Person perception | The process of forming impressions of others. | 63 | |
| 1651288973 | Social schemas | Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people. | 64 | |
| 1651288974 | Stereotypes | Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. | 65 | |
| 1651288975 | Illusory correlation | When people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen. | 66 | |
| 1651288976 | Ingroup | A group that one belongs to and identifies with. | 67 | |
| 1651288977 | Outgroup | A group that one does not belong to or identify with. | 68 | |
| 1651288978 | Attributions | Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior. | 69 | |
| 1651288979 | Internal attributions | Ascribes the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings. | 70 | |
| 1651288980 | External attributions | Ascribes the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints. | 71 | |
| 1651288981 | Fundamental attribution error | Observers' bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior. | 72 | |
| 1651288982 | Defensive attribution | A tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way. | 73 | |
| 1651288983 | Self-serving bias | The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors. | 74 | |
| 1651288984 | Individualism | Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships. | 75 | |
| 1651288985 | Collectivism | Putting group goals ahead of personal goals, and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to. | 76 | |
| 1651288986 | Interpersonal attraction | Positive feelings toward another. | 77 | |
| 1651288987 | Matching hypothesis | Males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners. | 78 | |
| 1651288988 | Reciprocity | Liking those who show that they like you. | 79 | |
| 1651288989 | Passionate love | A complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotions. | 80 | |
| 1651288990 | Companionate love | A warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own. | 81 | |
| 1651288991 | Intimacy | Warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship. | 82 | |
| 1651288992 | Commitment | An intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise. | 83 | |
| 1651288993 | Attitudes | Positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought. | 84 | |
| 1651288994 | Source | The person who sends a communication. | 85 | |
| 1651288995 | Receiver | The person to whom the message is sent. | 86 | |
| 1651288996 | Message | The information transmitted by the source. | 87 | |
| 1651288997 | Channel | The medium through which the message is sent. | 88 | |
| 1651288998 | Cognitive dissonance | When related cognitions are inconsistent - that is, when they contradict each other. | 89 | |
| 1651288999 | Conformity | When people yield to real or imagined social pressure. | 90 | |
| 1651289000 | Obediance | A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority. | 91 | |
| 1651289001 | Social roles | Widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions are supposed to behave. | 92 | |
| 1651289002 | Group | Two or more individuals who interact and are interdependent. | 93 | |
| 1651289003 | Bystander effect | People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone. | 94 | |
| 1651289004 | Social loafing | A reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves. | 95 | |
| 1651289005 | Group polarization | When group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction. | 96 | |
| 1651289006 | Groupthink | When members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision. | 97 | |
| 1651289007 | Group cohesiveness | The strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and to the group itself. | 98 | |
| 1651289008 | Prejudice | A negative attitude held towards members of a group. | 99 | |
| 1651289009 | Discrimination | Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. | 100 | |
| 1651289010 | Foot-in-the-door technique | Getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later. | 101 | |
| 1651289011 | Reciprocity norm | The rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others. | 102 | |
| 1651289012 | Lowball technique | Getting someone to commit an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed. | 103 | |
| 1651289013 | Neurons | Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. | 104 | |
| 1651289014 | Soma | The cell body, contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells. | 105 | |
| 1651289015 | Dendrites | The parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information. | 106 | |
| 1651289016 | Axon | A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands. | 107 | |
| 1651289017 | Myelin sheath | Insulating material that encases some axons. | 108 | |
| 1651289018 | Terminal buttons | Small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters. | 109 | |
| 1651289019 | Synapse | A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another. | 110 | |
| 1651289020 | Resting potential | A neuron's stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive. | 111 | |
| 1651289021 | Action potential | A brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon. | 112 | |
| 1651289022 | Absolute refractory period | The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin. | 113 | |
| 1651289023 | Synaptic cleft | A microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron. | 114 | |
| 1651289024 | Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another. | 115 | |
| 1651289025 | Postsynaptic potential (PSP) | A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane. | 116 | |
| 1651289026 | Excitatory PSP | A positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials. | 117 | |
| 1651289027 | Inhibitory PSP | A negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials. | 118 | |
| 1651289028 | Reuptake | A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane. | 119 | |
| 1651289029 | Agonist | A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter. | 120 | |
| 1651289030 | Antagonist | A chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter. | 121 | |
| 1651289031 | Endorphins | Internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects. | 122 | |
| 1651289032 | Peripheral nervous system | All the nerves that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord. | 123 | |
| 1651289033 | Nerves | Bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system. | 124 | |
| 1651289034 | Somatic nervous system | Nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors. | 125 | |
| 1651289035 | Afferent nerve fibers | Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body. | 126 | |
| 1651289036 | Efferent nerve fibers | Axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body. | 127 | |
| 1651289037 | Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | Nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. | 128 | |
| 1651289038 | Sympathetic division | The branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies. | 129 | |
| 1651289039 | Parasympathetic division | The branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources. | 130 | |
| 1651289040 | Central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and the spinal cord. | 131 | |
| 1651289041 | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it. | 132 | |
| 1651289042 | Electroencephalograph (EEG) | A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp. | 133 | |
| 1651289043 | Lesioning | Destroying a part of the brain. | 134 | |
| 1651289044 | Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) | Sending a weak electrical current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it. | 135 | |
| 1651289045 | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | A new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain. | 136 | |
| 1651289046 | Hindbrain | The cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons. | 137 | |
| 1651289047 | Midbrain | The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain. | 138 | |
| 1651289048 | Forebrain | The largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum. | 139 | |
| 1651289049 | Thalamus | A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex. | 140 | |
| 1651289050 | Hypothalamus | A structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs. | 141 | |
| 1651289051 | Limbic system | A loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas. | 142 | |
| 1651289052 | Cerebral cortex | The convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum. | 143 | |
| 1651289053 | Cerebral hemispheres | The right and left halves of the cerebrum. | 144 | |
| 1651289054 | Corpus callosum | The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. | 145 | |
| 1651289055 | Split-brain surgery | The bundle of fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres (the corpus callosum) is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures. | 146 | |
| 1651289056 | Perceptual asymmetries | left-right imbalances between the cerebral hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing. | 147 | |
| 1651289057 | Endocrine system | Glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning. | 148 | |
| 1651289058 | Hormones | The chemical substances released by the endocrine glands. | 149 | |
| 1651289059 | Pituitary gland | A gland that releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands. | 150 | |
| 1651289060 | Behavioral genetics | An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits. | 151 | |
| 1651289061 | Chromosones | Strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules that carry genetic information. | 152 | |
| 1651289062 | Zygote | A single cell formed by the union of a sperm and an egg. | 153 | |
| 1651289063 | Genes | DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. | 154 | |
| 1651289064 | Homozygous condition | The two genes in a specific pair are the same. | 155 | |
| 1651289065 | Heterozygous condition | The two genes in a specific pair are different. | 156 | |
| 1651289066 | Dominant gene | The gene that is expressed when paired genes are different. | 157 | |
| 1651289067 | Recessive gene | The gene that is masked when paired genes are different. | 158 | |
| 1651289068 | Genotype | A person's genetic makeup. | 159 | |
| 1651289069 | Phenotype | The ways in which a person's genotype is manifested in observable characteristics. | 160 | |
| 1651289070 | Polygenic traits | Characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes. | 161 | |
| 1651289071 | Family studies | Studies in which researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait. | 162 | |
| 1651289072 | Twin studies | Studies in which researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait. | 163 | |
| 1651289073 | Identical (monozygotic) twins | Twins that emerge from one zygote that splits for unknown reasons. | 164 | |
| 1651289074 | Fraternal (dizygotic) twins | Twins that result when two eggs are fertilized simultaneously by different sperm cells, forming two separate zygotes. | 165 | |
| 1651289075 | Adoption studies | Studies that assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological parents and their adoptive parents. | 166 | |
| 1651289076 | Genetic mapping | The process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes. | 167 | |
| 1651289077 | Fitness | The reproductive success (number of descendants) of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population. | 168 | |
| 1651289078 | Natural selection | Heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time. | 169 | |
| 1651289079 | Adaption | An inherited characteristic that increased in a population (through natural selection) because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged. | 170 | |
| 1651289080 | Inclusive fitness | The sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others. | 171 | |
| 1651289081 | Critical period | A limited time span in the development of an organism when it is optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the organism is especially responsive to certain experiences. | 172 | |
| 1651289082 | Sensation | The stimulation of sense organs. | 173 | |
| 1651289083 | Perception | The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input. | 174 | |
| 1651289084 | Psychophysics | The study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience. | 175 | |
| 1651289085 | Absolute threshold | The minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect. | 176 | |
| 1651289086 | Just noticeable difference (JND) | The smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect. | 177 | |
| 1651289087 | Weber's law | The size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus. | 178 | |
| 1651289088 | Signal detection theory | The detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity. | 179 | |
| 1651289089 | Subliminal perception | The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness. | 180 | |
| 1651289090 | Sensory adaptation | A gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation. | 181 | |
| 1651289091 | Lens | The transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina. | 182 | |
| 1651289092 | Nearsightedness | Close objects are seen clearly but distant objects appear blurry. | 183 | |
| 1651289093 | Farsightedness | Distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry. | 184 | |
| 1651289094 | Pupil | The opening in the center of the iris that permits light to pass into the rear chamber of the eye. | 185 | |
| 1651289095 | Retina | The neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain. | 186 | |
| 1651289096 | Optic disk | A hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye. | 187 | |
| 1651289097 | Cones | Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision. | 188 | |
| 1651289098 | Fovea | A tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest at this spot. | 189 | |
| 1651289099 | Rods | Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision. | 190 | |
| 1651289100 | Dark adaption | The process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination. | 191 | |
| 1651289101 | Light adaption | The process whereby the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination. | 192 | |
| 1651289102 | Receptive field of a visual cell | The retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell. | 193 | |
| 1651289103 | Lateral antagonism | When neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells. | 194 | |
| 1651289104 | Optic chiasm | The point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of the eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain. | 195 | |
| 1651289105 | Parallel processing | Simultaneously extracting different kinds of information from the same input. | 196 | |
| 1651289106 | Feature detectors | Neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli. | 197 | |
| 1651289107 | Subtractive color mixing | Removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there. | 198 | |
| 1651289108 | Additive color mixing | Superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself. | 199 | |
| 1651289109 | Trichromatic theory | The human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths. | 200 | |
| 1651289110 | Color blindness | A variety of deficiencies in the ability to distinguish among colors. | 201 | |
| 1651289111 | Complementary colors | Pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together. | 202 | |
| 1651289112 | Afterimage | A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed. | 203 | |
| 1651289113 | Opponent process theory | Color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors. | 204 | |
| 1651289114 | Reversible figure | A drawing that is comparable with two interpretations that can shift back and forth. | 205 | |
| 1651289115 | Perceptual set | A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way. | 206 | |
| 1651289116 | Inattentional blindness | The failure to see visible objects or events because one's attention is focused elsewhere. | 207 | |
| 1651289117 | Feature analysis | The process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form. | 208 | |
| 1651289118 | Bottom-up processing | A progression from individual elements to the whole. | 209 | |
| 1651289119 | Top-down processing | A progression from the whole to the elements. | 210 | |
| 1651289120 | Subjective contours | The perception of contours where none actually exist. | 211 | |
| 1651289121 | Phi phenomenon | The illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession. | 212 | |
| 1651289122 | Distal stimuli | Stimuli that lie in the distance (that is, in the world outside the body). | 213 | |
| 1651289123 | Proximal stimuli | The stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors. | 214 | |
| 1651289124 | Perceptual hypothesis | An inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed. | 215 | |
| 1651289125 | Depth perception | Interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are. | 216 | |
| 1651289126 | Binocular depth cues | Clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes. | 217 | |
| 1651289127 | Retinal Disparity | Objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so each eye sees a slightly different view of the object. | 218 | |
| 1651289128 | Convergence | Sensing the eyes converging toward each other as they focus on closer objects. | 219 | |
| 1651289129 | Monocular depth cues | Clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone. | 220 | |
| 1651289130 | Motion parallax | Images of objects at different distances moving across the retina at different rates. | 221 | |
| 1651289131 | Pictorial depth cues | Clues about distance that can be given in a flat picture. | 222 | |
| 1651289132 | Perceptual constancy | A tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input. | 223 | |
| 1651289133 | Visual illusion | An apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality. | 224 | |
| 1651289134 | Impossible figures | Objects that can be represented in two-dimensional pictures but cannot exist in three-dimensional space. | 225 | |
| 1651289135 | Cochlea | A fluid-filled, coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing. | 226 | |
| 1651289136 | Basilar membrane | Runs the entire length of the spiraled cochlea and holds the auditory receptors. | 227 | |
| 1651289137 | Place theory | Perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different potions, or places, along the basilar membrane. | 228 | |
| 1651289138 | Frequency theory | The perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates. | 229 | |
| 1651289139 | Volley principle | Groups of auditory nerve fibers fire neural impulses in rapid succession, creating volleys of impulses. | 230 | |
| 1651289140 | Auditory localization | Locating the source of a sound in space. | 231 | |
| 1651289141 | Gustatory system | The sensory system for taste. | 232 | |
| 1651289142 | Olfactory system | The sensory system for smell. | 233 | |
| 1651289143 | Gate-control theory | Incoming pain sensations must pass through a gate in the spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals. | 234 | |
| 1651289144 | Kinesthetic system | Monitors the position of the various parts of the body. | 235 | |
| 1651289145 | Vestibular system | Responds to gravity and keeps you informed of your body's location in space. | 236 | |
| 1651289146 | Door-in-the-face technique | Making a large request that is likely to be turned down as a way to increase the chances that people will agree to a smaller request later. | 237 | |
| 1651289147 | Comparitors | People, objects, events, and other standards used as a baseline for comparison in making judgements. | 238 |
