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| 7263094289 | Abnormal psychology | understanding nature, causes & tx. of mental disorders | 0 | |
| 7263101236 | family aggregation | whether a disorder runs in families | 1 | |
| 7263105572 | indicators of abnormality include these 7 things: | subjective distress, maladaptiveness, statistical deviancy, social discomfort, irrationality & unpredictability, dangerousness. | 2 | |
| 7263132733 | subjective distress | neither a sufficient (all that is needed) nor necessary condition (feature that all cases of abnormality must show) for us to classify something as abnormal. what is distressful for one condition/person varies. | 3 | |
| 7263156344 | maladaptiveness | interferes w/ well-being & w/ ability to enjoy work & relationships. | 4 | |
| 7285324639 | statistical deviancy | away from the normal/statistically rare (literal definition of abnormal). simply considering statistically rare behav. to be abnormal doesn't provide us w/ solution to problem of defining abnormally. | 5 | |
| 7285324640 | violation of the standards of society | social rules are arbitrary; however, we consider behavior abnormal when ppl fail to follow conventional social & moral rules of cultural group. | 6 | |
| 7285367437 | subjective examples of maladaptiveness include: | -depressed ppl withdraw from social circles (maladaptive); anorexic person becomes emaciated & req. hospitalization. -on other hand, con artists & contract killers w/ antisocial PD may not be in this category b/c they make their livings | 7 | |
| 7285374341 | examples of subjective distress | -people w/ anxiety & depression report feeling depressed, but ppl in manioc phases may feel elated and not be experiencing any distress; often bipolar/etc. people refuse to take meds b/c they enjoy the manic highs -exams tend to cause worry, but that would hardly be labeled as abnormal | 8 | |
| 7303988891 | examples of statistical deviancy | -genius & perfect pitch are statistically rare, but we wouldn't consider these uncommon traits abnormal -common cold = statistically common, but is still an illness -intellectual disability (statistically rate & represents deviation from norm) is considered to reflect abnormality. *we make value judgments when defining abnormality -more likely to judge statistically rare & undesirable disorders/conditions abnormal vs. statistically rare/highly desirable or undesirable/statistically common | 9 | |
| 7304010233 | violation of the standards of society examples | -driving cars/watching tv = abnormal for Amish ppl, but normal for most other residents of Pennsylvania -most of us have parked illegal at some point (breaks rules, but not seen as abnormal b/c it's statistically common) -mother who drowns children --> instant recognition as abnormal behavior | 10 | |
| 7304024444 | irrationality and unpredictability | unconventionality/unorthodox behaviors may be considered abnormal - depending on what it is/severity/context | 11 | |
| 7304092050 | irrationality and unpredictability examples | someone yelling obscenities @ nothing = unpredictable, nonsensical; disordered speech & disorg. behv. of schizophrenia (also hallmark of bipolar manic phases) -- often irrational *most imp. factor = our eval. of whether he/she can control his/her behv. | 12 | |
| 7304102910 | dangerousness | just b/c mental disordered patient is a danger to himself/others does not mean they're psychologically abnormal; we can't assume that someone diagnosed w/ mental disorder is dangerous | 13 | |
| 7304102911 | dangerousness examples | -people may have dangerous/thrill-seeking hobby (extreme sports, race car driving) or be bad drivers (possible harm to self/others on road), but not necessarily abnormal/mentally ill -therapists have to hospitalize/report ppl who are a harm to themselves/others -many ppl w/ mental illness commit serious crimes; many people w/o mental disorders commit serious crimes | 14 | |
| 7304132062 | What is the DSM & Why was it revised? | Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides all info. necessary to diagnose mental disorders; creates common language so specific diagnosis --> same thing from 1 clinician to another -revisions allow new scientific devs. & research to be incorporated | 15 | |
| 7304150929 | mental disorder/dsm-5 | syndrome present in individual & that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning. thought to reflect dysfunction in biological,psychological, or dev. processes necessary 4 mental functioning. -also recognizes that MDs usually associated w/ sig. distress/disability in key areas of functioning (social, occupational, other activities) -also includes predictable/cultural responses to common stressors/losses (death of loved one) excluded -*dysfunctional pattern of behv. shouldn't stem from social deviance/conflicts person has w/ society as a whole | 16 | |
| 7304170606 | nomenclature | a naming system | 17 | |
| 7304175448 | Advantages of classification | *most scientists rely on classification; provides clinicians + researchers common language & shorthand terms from complex conditions -structures info in mor helpful info; ex] anxiety disorder section include panic disorder, specific phobia, agoraphobia, etc. that share common features of fear & anxiety -classification facilitates research -- about causes & possible treatments -defining domain of what's considered to be pathological. establishes range of probs that mental health profession can address& treat ; insurance reimbursement | 18 | |
| 7304420895 | Disadvantages of classification | -shorthand --> we lose detailed personal information about person w/ disorder -can facilitate stigma, stereotyping & labeling -fear of being viewed negatively/being discriminated against may lead some ppl to avoid seeing tx. | 19 | |
| 7304430858 | stigma | disgrace associated w/ having psychiatric diagnosis. today people generally much more comfortable disclosing physical illness vs. admitting to mental disorder -deterrent to seeking tx. 4 mental health problems (especially 4 men, younger ppl, ethnic minorities, military personnel & mental health professionals) | 20 | |
| 7304469540 | stereotyping | automatic beliefs concerning ppl that we unavoidably learn as a result of growing up certain culture. learning about certain behvs. that accompany mental disorders leads to automatic/inherent assumptions that behvs. will be present in any person we meet w/ psych diag. -neg. stereotypes about these disorders also perpetuated in movies | 21 | |
| 7304483356 | labeling | self-concept can be directly affected by being given diagnoses with any type of disorder and being attached to the label of disorder/diagnosis | 22 | |
| 7304491077 | diagnostic classification systems classify ____ | the disorders that people have rather than classifying people. | 23 | |
| 7304494864 | stigma may be reduced in some situations because | it provides at least a partial explanation for person's otherwise inexplicable behavior | 24 | |
| 7304504016 | negative reactions towards ppl w/ mental illness may include | ostracizing, unpleasant physiological reactions (heart rate, tension), avoiding contact | 25 | |
| 7304518439 | explain how culture affects what's considered abnormal | shared values, rituals & traditions in 1 culture may be seen as abnormal in another culture different cultures describe psychological distress differently/present themselves differently some types of psychopathology appear highly culture-specific; found in certain areas of the world only & highly linked to culturally-bound concerns some superstitions present in some cultures and not others, no ford for "depressed" in languages of certain cultures -hearing voice of dead relatives common in many Native Amer. tribes | 26 | |
| 7304533150 | describe 2 different cultural-specific disorders | 1] tajin kyofusho - anxiety disorder prevalent in Japan; marked fear that one's body, body parts or body functions may offend, embarrass, or make others feel uncomfortable; afraid of blushing/upsetting others by gaze, facial expression, or body odor 2] ataque de nervios - another culturally rooted expression of distress. found in ppl of Latino descent, especially from Caribbean. Doesn't have clear counterpart in DSM. symptoms = crying, trembling, fainting, uncontrollable screaming & general feeling of loss of control | 27 | |
| 7304582450 | why is it important to know how many/what sort of ppl have diagnosable psychological disorders today? | - information essential when planning & establishing mental health services b/c MH planners req. precise understanding of nature & extent of psych. difficulties w/ in given area, state, country b/c they're resp. for determine how resources (funding of research proj/services) provided by comm. MH centers may be most effectively allocated -estimates of freq. of mental disorders in diff. groups of ppl provide valuable clues to causes of disorders | 28 | |
| 7304662298 | epidemiology | The study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health related behaviors in a given population; in mental health -- stay of distribution of mental disorders ---epidemiology surveys--- determine the frequency of mental disorders | 29 | |
| 7304665712 | prevalence | the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time; typically excessed as percentages (% of pop. that has disorder) | 30 | |
| 7304671961 | point prevalence | the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time -- count # of ppl w/ clinical depression on January 1 of next yr. person who experienced depression during November and December but who managed to recover by Jan.1 - not included in calculation (same w/ depression onset of jan. 2) | 31 | |
| 7304677161 | 1-year prevalence | the number of individuals who experienced X at any point in time throughout the entire year -higher figure than point prevalence b/c it covers much longer time & would include ppl who recovered b4 point prev. assessment & those whose disorders didn't begin until after Point prev. was made | 32 | |
| 7304684935 | lifetime prevalence | the estimate number of the number of people who have had a particular disorder at any point in their lives (even if they are now recovered); include currently illl & recovered; usually higher than other types of prevalence estimates | 33 | |
| 7304689079 | incidence | The number of new cases that occur over a given period of time (typically one year) -They exclude preexisting cases; lower than prevalence cases if assessing 1yr incidence of schizophrenia, we wouldn't count ppl who's schizophrenia began b4 given starting date (even if they were still ill) b/c they're not new cases of Schiz. | 34 | |
| 7304696154 | the most comprehensive source of prevalence estimates for adults in the US diagnosed w/ mental disorders is the ___________________. | National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) -just under 50% of ppl will experience some form of mental disorder in lifetime | 35 | |
| 7304700967 | the most prevalent category of psych. disorders is | anxiety disorders | 36 | |
| 7304700987 | most common individual disorders are | major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse, & specific phobias | 37 | |
| 7304709626 | problems with NCS-R reporting | -doesn't include data on DSM-5 -didn't assess for eating disorders, schizophrenia, or autism, or measures of most personality disorders -some have brief duration -many ppl who meet diagnostic criteria for given disorder won't be seriously affected by it -data is now over a decade old | 38 | |
| 7304720159 | National Survey on Drug Use & Health (NSDUH) | another survey that can provide most recent information but doesn't include info about specific disorders | 39 | |
| 7304725094 | comorbidity | presence of 2+ disorders in the same person; especially high in ppl w/ severe forms of mental disorder | 40 | |
| 7304730306 | global burden of disease | mental & substance abuse disorders often disabling & account for 7+% of global burden of disease disorder w/ biggest global burden = depression, accounting for almost half of the DALYs DALY = disability adjusted years of life; 1 DALYU = 1 yr of otherwise "healthy" life | 41 | |
| 7304742420 | treatment includes | 42 | ||
| 7304744244 | barriers to seeking treatment | -people minimize/deny their suffering or try to cope on their own -stigma -delaying treatment -often treated by family physician vs. mental health specialist -majority of tx now administered on outpatient basis -budget cuts force many large state/country facilities to close -insurance companies place limitations on hospital admissions -hospitalization & inpatient care preferred options for ppl who need more intensive treatment than can be provided on outpatient basis | 43 | |
| 7304751095 | outpatient treatment | requires that patient visits mental health facility practitioner but doesn't have to be admitted to hospital; can attend comm. MH center, see private therapist, receive tx. thru outpatient dept. of hospital | 44 | |
| 7304757864 | inpatient care | admitted to psychiatric units of gen. hospitals, private psychiatric hospitals specializing in particular mental disorder patients receive additional tx. on outpatient basis | 45 | |
| 7304771494 | mental health professionals | -psychiatrist - provide meds/monitor side effects -clinical psychologist - individual therapy -clinical social worker - resolve family problems -psychiatric nurse - check in on daily basis, provide support to help them cope better in hospital env. outpatient clients may see either counseling psych, psychoanalyst, or counselor specializing in tx. of drug & also probs. | 46 | |
| 7304778430 | acute | short in duration | 47 | |
| 7304778431 | chronic | long in duration | 48 | |
| 7305016417 | etiology | causes of disorders | 49 | |
| 7305017742 | why can abnormal psychology research be conducted in almost any setting? | -studying & drawing inferences from past case studies alone often leads to erroneous thinking as we often focus on data that confirm our ideas of how things are. -research prevents us from being misled by natural errors in thinking & can be conducted in clinics, hospitals, schools, prison & on the street. It's not the setting that determines whether a given research project may be undertaken. The importance lies in the researcher's methodology, which is constantly evolving | 50 | |
| 7305031006 | case study | detailed accounts/clinical cases of patients that serve as a valuable source of new ideas & stimulus for research. May provide insight into unusual clinical conditions that are too rare to be studied in a more systematic way. | 51 | |
| 7305044065 | bias | case studies subjected to this b/c the writer selects info to include and to omit | 52 | |
| 7305047623 | generalizability | can't be used to draw conclusions about other cases even when they involve ppl w/ seemingly similar abnormality -- like when there's only 1 observer & 1 subject and when observations made in relatively uncontrolled context & are anecdotal & impressionistic in nature; conclusions we can draw very narrow & may be mistaken. | 53 | |
| 7305154233 | self-report data | having research participants complete questionnaires, conducting interviews | 54 | |
| 7305155693 | limitations of self-report data | -sometimes misleading; people may not be accurate reporters of own subjective states/experience -ppl. occasionally lie, misinterpret ? or want to present themselves in favorable or unfavorable light | 55 | |
| 7305159412 | direct observation | trained observers record the target behavior being observed, such as aggression (observers record # of times aggressive children hit, bite, | 56 | |
| 7305166872 | observational strategies | in addition to direct observation, may include: -collecting info about biological variables (heart rate) in sample -collecting info about stress hormones (cortisol) by getting sample of saliva (which contains cortisol) in plastic container & send lab for analysis -functionial magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)- can study blood flow to various parts of brain during memory tasks & look at which brain areas influence imagination -transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)- generates magnetic field on surface of head, stimulate underlying brain tissue; can take particular area of brain "off-line" for brief period & measure behavioral consequences. -observing behavior specifically refers to the careful scrutiny of conduct& manner of specific individuals | 57 | |
| 7305182988 | hypothesis | effort to explain, predict, or explore something; frequently determine therapeutic approaches used to treat particular clinical problem. ideas we have about what might be causing client's difficulties will naturally shape form of intervention we use when we provide treatment. | 58 | |
| 7308056550 | research in abnormal psychology is concerned with __ _ _ _ _ _____. | gaining enhanced understanding & where possible, control of abnormal behavior. | 59 | |
| 7308059035 | sampling | try to select ppl who are representative of much larger grp. of individuals; want it to mirror the larger group. sometimes use convenience samples - readily accessible groups of people | 60 | |
| 7308067695 | external validity | extent to which we can generalize our findings beyond the study itself | 61 | |
| 7308069908 | internal validity | reflects how confident we can be in results of particular given study; methodologically sound, free of confounds, or other sources of error & able to be used to draw valid conclusions. ex- researcher interested in how heart rate changes when participants told that they're about to be given an electric shock. participants who just completed the study are allowed to chat in waiting area w/ ppl about to participate. the latter learn that, in reality, no shocks were given at all. failure to control exchange of info jeapoardizes integrity of study & is threat to int. val. | 62 | |
| 7308094789 | comparsion/conrtrol group | group of people who don't exhibit disorder being studied but are comparable in all other major respects to the criterion group; typically psychologically healthy/"normal" | 63 | |
| 7308097101 | criterion group | ppl w/ disorder being studied | 64 | |
| 7308106810 | correlational researhc design | no manip. of variables. ccompares groups on variety of diff. neasures. takes thing as they are and determines associations among observed phenomena. - inferences that suggest causal hypotheses, generate ?s for future research & occasionally provide cruical data that confirm/refute specific hypotheses. | 65 | |
| 7308111178 | positive correlaation | direct, corresponding manner | 66 | |
| 7308112158 | negative correlation | inverse correlation | 67 | |
| 7308114471 | uncorrelated | variables are entirely independent of each other | 68 | |
| 7308116297 | correlation coefficient | r; stenght of correlation 0- 1; # closer to 1 --> stronger association btwn 2 vars. + or - = direction of association btwn variables | 69 | |
| 7308119456 | statistical significance | probability that correlation would occur purely by chance is less than 5 out of 100. p < .05 *doesn't mean result couldn't have occurred by chance; means that it's not very likely -influenced by magnitude or size of correlation but also by sample size. correlation of .30 will not be significant if sample size is 20 but will be if it's 50. | 70 | |
| 7308134433 | effect size | reflects size of association btwn 2 variables independent odf the sample size. E.S. of 0 = no association btwn variables can be used as common metric & v. valuable when comparing strength of findings across diff. studies | 71 | |
| 7308138415 | meta-aalysis | stat. approach that caculates & combines effect sizes from all of the studies. uses effect sizes; better way to summarize research findings that is possible with a literature review. | 72 | |
| 7308147484 | third variable problem | unknown variable that might be causing both events to happen ex] factor linking insanity & masturbation (& unmeasured 3rd variable) = impaired social awareness | 73 | |
| 7308162827 | retrospective research strategy | if we wanted to learn what our patients were like before they developed specific disorder- we'd look back in time - identifying factors associated with later behaviors. ex] patient's recollections, diaries | 74 | |
| 7308173837 | disadvantages of retrospective research strategy | - diaries etc. have potential for memories to be faulty/sunjective -invites investigators to discover what they already presume they'll discover concerning background factors theoretically linked to a disorder; invites biased procedure | 75 | |
| 7308184197 | prospective research strategy | method that often focuses on individuals who have a higher than average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before abnormal behavior is observed | 76 | |
| 7308206785 | longitudinal design | a research design in which people are followed over time | 77 | |
| 7308217140 | direction of effect problem | refers to the fact that, in correlational research, it cannot be concluded whether variable A/B cases variable B/A | 78 | |
| 7308219381 | experimental research | the extent to which the findings from a single study are relevant to other populations, contexts or times | 79 | |
| 7308220392 | independent variable | factor whose effects are being examined and which is manipulated in some way, while other variables are held constant | 80 | |
| 7308222012 | dependent variable | in an experiment, the factor that is observed to change with changes in the manipulated variable | 81 | |
| 7308224298 | random assignment | procedure used to create equivalent groups in which every research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the study | 82 | |
| 7308227259 | double-blind study | often used in studies examining drug treatment effects, a condition where neither the subject nor the experimenter has knowledge about what condition/drug the subject is receiving | 83 | |
| 7308228494 | placebo treatment | an inert pill or otherwise neutral intervention that produces desirable therapeutic effects because of the subject's expectations that the treatment will be beneficial | 84 | |
| 7308233034 | ABAB design | an experimental design, often involving a single subject, wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B) | 85 | |
| 7308236213 | analogue studies | studies in which a researcher attempts to emulate the conditions hypothesized as leading to abnormality | 86 | |
| 7308241423 | Elements of abnormal behavior 4 Ds | Deviance/Difference (rare) Dysfunction (impairment) Distress (they are bothered by it) Danger (to themselves/others) | 87 |
