Psychology: The evolution of a science
Chapters 1,2,3
Terms : Hide Images
| 906053734 | Psychology | The scientific study of mind and behavior | |
| 906053735 | Mind Psychology | A private inner experience | |
| 906053736 | Behavior Psychology | Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animal | |
| 906053737 | Functional magnetic resonance imaging | neuroimaging technique which allows one to see which parts of the brain are active during a given task | |
| 906053738 | William James | First to take scientific approach to study psychology and wrote the principles of psychology | |
| 906053739 | Structuralism | Analyze the mind by breaking it down into its basic components | |
| 906053740 | Functionalism | Study how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments | |
| 906053741 | Nativism | The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn | |
| 906053742 | Philosophical Empiricism | The philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience | |
| 906053743 | Rene Descartes | French philosopher that argued for dualism between mind and body | |
| 906053744 | Thomas Hobbes | Argued against Decartes | |
| 906053745 | Franz Joseph Gall | Created the method of Phrenology | |
| 906053746 | Phrenology | Specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain | |
| 906053747 | Pierre Flourens | Surgically removed brain pieces and argued against Gall's methods | |
| 906053748 | Paul Broca | Studied brain damaged patients to link localization to ability | |
| 906053749 | Physiology | The study of biological processes, especially in the human body | |
| 906053750 | Hermann von Helmholtz | Studied human reaction time, estimated the length of nerve impulse | |
| 906053751 | Stimulus | Sensory input from the environment | |
| 906053752 | Reaction Time | The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus | |
| 906053753 | Wilhelm Wundt | Opened the first psychological laboratory | |
| 906053754 | Consciousness | A persons subjective experience of the world and the mind | |
| 906053755 | Structuralism | The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind | |
| 906053756 | Introspection | The subjective observation of one's own experience | |
| 906053757 | Edward Titchener | Studied under Wundt and he focused on identifying basic elements of the mind | |
| 906053758 | Functionalism | The study of the purpose mental process serve in enabling people to adapt to their enviorment | |
| 906053759 | Natural Selection | The features of an organism that helps it survive and reproduce are most likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations | |
| 906053760 | G. Stanely Hall | Set up first psychological lab in North America. Focused on development and education. | |
| 906053761 | Hysteria | a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences | |
| 906053762 | Sigmund Freud | Hysteria caused from painful unconscious experiences | |
| 906053763 | Unconscious | The part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings and actions. | |
| 906053764 | Psychoanalytic Theory | Approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviors. | |
| 906053765 | Psychoanalysis | A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders. | |
| 906053766 | Humanistic psychology | An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. Was pioneered by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers | |
| 906104623 | Behaviorism | An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior | |
| 906104624 | John Watson | Goal to predict and control behavior through the study of observable behavior | |
| 906104625 | Margaret Washburn | Studied behavior in different animal species and published The Animal Mind | |
| 906104626 | Ivan Pavlov | Studied the physiology of digestion and founded classical conditioning | |
| 906104627 | Response | An action or physiological changed elicited by a stimulus | |
| 906104628 | Burrhus Frederick Skinner | Developed the 'Skinner Box' or conditioning chamber to explain learning | |
| 906104629 | Illusions | Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality | |
| 906104630 | Max Wertheimer | Founded induced motion phenomena | |
| 906104631 | Gestalt psychology | a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts | |
| 906104632 | Sir Frederic Barlett | Discorved that memory recall is flawed | |
| 906104633 | Jean Piaget | Studied cognitive development errors in children | |
| 906104634 | Kurt Lewin | Studied the construal of stimuli | |
| 906104635 | Cognitive Psychology | The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory and reasoning. | |
| 906104636 | Behavioral Neuroscience | An approach to psychology that links psychological processed to activities in the nervous system and other body processes. | |
| 906104637 | Cognitive neuroscience | a field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity. | |
| 906104638 | Evolutionary Psychology | A psychological approach that explain mind and behaviors in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection. | |
| 906104639 | Social psychology | A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior | |
| 906104640 | Cultural psychology | The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological process of their members | |
| 906104641 | Empiricism | The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation | |
| 906104642 | Scientific method | A set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence | |
| 906104643 | Theroy | A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomena | |
| 906104644 | Hypothesis | A falsifiable prediction made by a theory | |
| 906104645 | Empirical Method | A set of rules and techniques for observation | |
| 906104646 | Observe | Use of one's senses to learn about the properties of an event or an object | |
| 906104647 | Demand Characteristics | those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should | |
| 906104648 | Naturalistic Observation | a technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments | |
| 906104649 | Observer bias | Expectations can influence observations and influence perceptions of reality | |
| 906104650 | Frequency distribution | : a graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made | |
| 906104651 | Normal Distribution | a mathematically defined frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the middle | |
| 906104652 | External validity | the property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way; are they representative of the real world | |
| 906104653 | Internal validity | the characteristic of an experiment that established the causal relationship between variables | |
| 906104654 | Random Sampling | a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample | |
| 906104655 | Case Method | a method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual | |
| 906185921 | Neurons | cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks. The neurons do not touch each other, they transmit there messages over the nuerotrasmitters | |
| 906185922 | Santiago Ramon y Cajal | First stained neurons in the brain | |
| 906185923 | Cell body | The part of the neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive | |
| 906185924 | Dendrite | The part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body | |
| 906185925 | Axon | The part of the neuron that transmits information to other neurons, muscles or glands. | |
| 906185926 | Myelin sheath | an insulating layer of fatty material | |
| 906185927 | Glial Cells | Supports cells found in the nervous system | |
| 906185928 | Synapse | The junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another | |
| 906185929 | Sensory neurons | Neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord | |
| 906185930 | Motor Neurons | Neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement | |
| 906185931 | Interneurons | neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons or other interneurons | |
| 906185932 | Resting potential | The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane | |
| 906185933 | Action Potential | An electric signal that is conducted along a neurons axon to a synapse. | |
| 906185934 | Terminal buttons | knoblike structures that branch out from an axon | |
| 906185935 | Neurotransmittors | Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites. | |
| 906185936 | Receptors | Part of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electrical signal | |
| 906185937 | Acetylcholine | Involved in a number of functions including voluntary motor control. Causes alztimers disease | |
| 906185938 | Dopamine | Regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal. To much of this causes parkensens disease and too little causes schizophrenia | |
| 906185939 | Gluatmate | Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in information transmission throughout the brain | |
| 906185940 | GABA | Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain | |
| 906185941 | Norepinephrine | Influences mood and arousal. This prevents the firing of neurons. This is linked to depression. | |
| 906185942 | Serotonin | Involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggressive behavior. This is linked to depression. | |
| 906185943 | Endorphins | Chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain. These dull pain. | |
| 906185944 | Agonists | Drug that increases the action of a neurotransmitter | |
| 906185945 | Antagonist | Drugs that block the function of a nuerotransmitter | |
| 906185946 | Nervous System | an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body | |
| 906185947 | Central Nervous System | Composed of the brain and the spinal cord | |
| 906185948 | Peripheral Nervous System | Connects the CNS to the bodys organs and muscles. | |
| 906185949 | Somatic Nervous System | Part of the peripheral nervous system with conveys information into and out of the CNS | |
| 906185950 | Autonomic Nervous System | Part of the peripheral nervous system which carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glads. | |
| 906185951 | Sympthatic Nervous System | Part of the Autonomic Nervous System which prepares the body for action in threating situations | |
| 906185952 | Parasympathetic System | Part of the Autonomic Nervous System which helps the body return to a normal resting state | |
| 906185953 | Spinal reflexes | simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions | |
| 906185954 | Cervical Nerves | The upper part of the spinal cord. Controls parts like diaphragm, head and neck, wrist and triceps | |
| 906185955 | Thoracic Nerves | The upper middle part of the spinal cord. Controls chest muscles and ab muscles. | |
| 906185956 | Lumbar Nerves | The lower middle part of the spinal cord. Controls all leg muscles. | |
| 906185957 | Sacral Nerves | The lowest part of the spinal cord. Controls bowel, bladder and sexual friction. | |
| 906185958 | Hindbrain | coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord, and controls the basic functions of life. Controls the medulla, reticular information, cerebellum and pons. | |
| 906185959 | Medulla | Extension of the brain into the spinal cord that coordinates heart rate, circulation and respiration. | |
| 906185960 | Reticular Formation | Regulates sleep, wakefulness and levels of arousal | |
| 906185961 | Cerebellum | helps us maintain balance while walking | |
| 906185962 | Pons | A structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. | |
| 906185963 | Midbrain | Important for orientation and movement | |
| 906185964 | Tectum | Orients an organism in the environment | |
| 906185965 | tegmentum | Involved with movement and arousal | |
| 906185966 | Forebrain | The highest level of brain which is critical for complex thinking, emotion, sensory and motor functions. | |
| 906185967 | Cerebral Cortex | The outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye. Divided into two sections | |
| 906185968 | Subcortical Structures | areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain. | |
| 906185969 | Thalamus | Relays and filters information from the senses | |
| 906185970 | Hypothalamus | Regulates body temp, hunger, thirst and sexual behavior. | |
| 906185971 | Pituitary Gland | The master gland that produces hormones | |
| 906185972 | Limbic System | Involved in motivation, emotion, learning and memory | |
| 906185973 | Hippocampus | Responsible for integrating new memories and integrating them into a new network of knowledge so they can be stored in the cerebral cortex. | |
| 906185974 | Amygdala | Plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories. | |
| 906185975 | Cortex | The highest level of the brain and it is divided into left and right hemispheres | |
| 906185976 | Occipital Lobe | Processed visual information | |
| 906185977 | Parietal Lobe | Processes information about touch | |
| 906185978 | Temporal Lobe | Responsible for hearing and language | |
| 906185979 | Frontal Lobe | Has specialized areas for movement, thinking, planning, memory and judgment | |
| 906185980 | Association Areas | areas of the cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex | |
| 906195196 | Corpus Callosum | Connects both sides of the brain so information is transmitted between | |
| 906195197 | Gene | unit of hereditary transmission; sections on strands of DNA organized into chromosomes | |
| 906195198 | Chromosome | strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration | |
| 906195199 | Heritability | a measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors | |
| 906195200 | Electroencephalograph | a device used to record electrical activity in the brain | |
| 906195201 | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | Methods can mimic brain damage and temporarily deactivate neurons in the cerebral cortex |
