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| 6843968147 | Age of Revolution | Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 | 0 | |
| 6843968148 | Population Revolution | Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent | 1 | |
| 6843968149 | Proto-industrialization | Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy of Europe; workers became full or part time producers of textile and metal products | 2 | |
| 6843968150 | American Revolution | Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783 | 3 | |
| 6843968151 | French Revolution | Resulted in the overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte | 4 | |
| 6843968152 | Louis XVI | Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution | 5 | |
| 6843968153 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution; stated the fundament equality of all French citizens | 6 | |
| 6843968154 | Guillotine | Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to executed thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution | 7 | |
| 6843968155 | Nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of nation unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin | 8 | |
| 6843968156 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 | 9 | |
| 6843968157 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes | 10 | |
| 6843968158 | Conservative | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church | 11 | |
| 6843968159 | Liberal | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state of interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments | 12 | |
| 6843968160 | Radical | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes | 13 | |
| 6843968161 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans | 14 | |
| 6843968162 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain | 15 | |
| 6843968163 | Chartist movement | Attempt by artisans and works in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed | 16 | |
| 6843968164 | Louis Pasteur | French scientist who discovered relationship between germs and disease in the 19th century, leading to better sanitation | 17 | |
| 6843968165 | American Civil War | Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South | 18 | |
| 6843968166 | Trasformismo | Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberal; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported to status quo | 19 | |
| 6843968167 | Social Question | Issues relation to repressed classes in western Europe during the Industrial revolution, particularly works and women; became more critical than constitutional issues 1870 | 20 | |
| 6843968168 | Socialism | Political movement with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploration of the working man | 21 | |
| 6843968169 | Karl Marx | (1818-1883) German socialist who blamed earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to created proletarian dictatorship | 22 | |
| 6843968170 | Revisionism | Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions | 23 | |
| 6843968171 | Feminist movements | Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle class women; active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s | 24 | |
| 6843968172 | Mass Leisure Culture | An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports | 25 | |
| 6843968173 | Charles Darwin | Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved in their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival | 26 | |
| 6843968174 | Albert Einstein | Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity | 27 | |
| 6843968175 | Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of human subconscious | 28 | |
| 6843968176 | Romanticism | Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature | 29 | |
| 6843968177 | Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed at the end of the 19th century | 30 | |
| 6843968178 | Triple Entente | Alliance among Britain, Russia and France at the outset of the 20th century | 31 | |
| 6843968179 | Balkan nationalism | Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire | 32 | |
| 6843968180 | Sepoys | Troops that served the British East india Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India | 33 | |
| 6843968181 | British Raj | British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India | 34 | |
| 6843968182 | Plassey | Battle in 1757 between troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj ud-daula, ruler of Bengal | 35 | |
| 6843968183 | Robert Clive | Architect of British victory at Plassey in 1757; established foundations of British Raj in northern India | 36 | |
| 6843968184 | Presidencies | Three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India | 37 | |
| 6843968185 | Princely states | Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj | 38 | |
| 6843968186 | Nabobs | Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through grade and exploitation | 39 | |
| 6843968187 | Lord Charles Cornwallis | Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption | 40 | |
| 6843968188 | Tropical dependencies | The greater portion of the European empires consisting of Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large populations of non-Western peoples | 41 | |
| 6843968189 | Settlement colonies | Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants | 42 | |
| 6843968190 | White Dominions | Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population | 43 | |
| 6843968191 | Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur in south Africa around 1900; manipulated political situation in south Africa to gain entry to resources of Boer republics | 44 | |
| 6843968192 | Anglo-Boer War | Fought between 1899-1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory | 45 | |
| 6843968193 | Captain James Cook | Made voyages to hawaii from 1777 to 1779 resulting in opening of islands to the West | 46 | |
| 6843968194 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St, Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804 | 47 | |
| 6843968195 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810 | 48 | |
| 6843968196 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador; led to creation of Gran Colombia | 49 | |
| 6843968197 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar | 50 | |
| 6843968198 | Caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies | 51 | |
| 6843968199 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who wanted politics, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized nation administrations | 52 | |
| 6843968200 | Monroe Doctrine | American declaration started in 1823; established that any attempt of a European colony to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United Sates | 53 | |
| 6843968201 | La Reforma | The liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna | 54 | |
| 6843968202 | Panama Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support from Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panam isthmus | 55 | |
| 6843968203 | Tanzimat Reforms | Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire in 1839 and 1876 | 56 | |
| 6843968204 | Ottoman Society for Union and Progress | Organization of political agitators in opposition to the rule of Abdul Harmid; also called "Young Turks" | 57 | |
| 6843968205 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following the fall of the Mamluks | 58 | |
| 6843968206 | Khedives | Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867 | 59 | |
| 6843968207 | Suez Canal | Built to connect the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea in 1869 | 60 | |
| 6843968208 | Banner armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags | 61 | |
| 6843968209 | Qing | Machu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of the Ming | 62 | |
| 6843968210 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722 | 63 | |
| 6843968211 | Compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty | 64 | |
| 6843968212 | Opium war | Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade | 65 | |
| 6843968213 | Taiping Rebellion | Broke out in south China in 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-christian prophet | 66 | |
| 6843968214 | Self-Strengthening movement | Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the west; led by provincial leaders | 67 | |
| 6843968215 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty | 68 | |
| 6843968216 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China | 69 | |
| 6843968217 | Sun Yat-sen | Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912 | 70 | |
| 6843968218 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912 | 71 | |
| 6843968219 | Decembrist uprising | Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms | 72 | |
| 6843968220 | Crimean War | Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire | 73 | |
| 6843968221 | Zemstvoes | Local policial councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II | 74 | |
| 6843968222 | Intelligentsia | Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class | 75 | |
| 6843968223 | Anarchists | Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government | 76 | |
| 6843968224 | Bolsheviks | Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin | 77 | |
| 6843968225 | Duma | National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905 | 78 | |
| 6843968226 | Matthew Perry | American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; opened Japanese ports to American trade | 79 | |
| 6843968227 | Diet | Japanese Parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889 | 80 | |
| 6843968228 | Zaibatsu | Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization | 81 | |
| 6843968229 | Yellow Peril | Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900 | 82 | |
| 6843968230 | Gallipoli | Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory of Australian and New Zealand forces in WWI | 83 | |
| 6843968231 | Armenian genocide | Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915 | 84 | |
| 6843968232 | Self-determination | Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not | 85 | |
| 6843968233 | B.G. Tilak | Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions | 86 | |
| 6843968234 | Morley-Minto reforms | Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils | 87 | |
| 6843968235 | Fascism | Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction | 88 | |
| 6843968236 | Syndicalism | Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics | 89 | |
| 6843968237 | New Economic Policy | Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but effort were now combined with individual initiative | 90 | |
| 6843968238 | Collectivization | Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holding; allowed more efficient control over peasants | 91 | |
| 6843968239 | Mao Zedong | Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution | 92 | |
| 6843968240 | Winston Churchill | British Prime Minister during World War II | 93 | |
| 6843968241 | Vichy | French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following the defeat of French armies by the Germans | 94 | |
| 6843968242 | Blitzkrieg | German term for lightning warfare | 95 | |
| 6843968243 | Tehran Conference | Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations | 96 | |
| 6843968244 | Total war | Warfare of the 20th century; vast sources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort | 97 | |
| 6843968245 | New Deal | President Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state; programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to simulate the economy | 98 | |
| 6843968246 | Gestapo | Secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal attacks | 99 |
