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| 94332636 | Stirrup | • Comes from the Kushan people who originally ruled over northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E. • Gave riders far greater stability in the saddle- likely an earlier Central Asian invention • Through the use of ________, a mounted warrior could supplement his bow and arrow with a long lance and charge at the enemy without having to worry if he was going to fall off through the impact. • _______ made the armored knights who dominated the battlefields of Europe and contributed to the superiority of China. | 0 | |
| 94332637 | Hybrid Camel | • Two humped Bacterian camel was used initially as the thing that acted as the chief support of Central Asian Caravan Trade. Closely related to the one-humped camal, or dromedary, of torrid Arabia, the Bactrian camel has a heavy coat of hair and is able to withstand the rigid winters of Central Asia. Hybrid camels began to appear early in the Silk Road's operations. • Parthian controlled Mesopotamia- breed camels that had two humps and others that were hairless and shaggy. Shaggy camel the hybrid, combination of Bacterian Camels and dromedaries: larger and stronger than either parent and had a heavy coat that suited it to the Central Asian climate. • Perfectly adapted for working on the Silk Road, the decline of the road led almost to its entire disappearance. • Hybrid camels meant necessary herd management = caravan trade generating into new economic activities | 1 | |
| 94332638 | Silk Road Trade | • linked lands of Mediterranean with china by way of Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia. • Parthians may have helped encourage trade along the ____ ____. (Parthian Kingdom- threshold of Central Asia). • Zhang Jian - important pioneer into western territory on behalf of emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. • Zhang brought alfalfa and domestic grapes back to China. He found horse breeders which had much better horses than China ones - heavenly horses. • Chinese farmers adopted pistachios, walnuts, pomegranates, sesame, coriander, spinach and other new crops. • Chinese artisans and physicians used trade products like jasmine oil, oak galls, sal ammoniac, copper oxides, zinc, and precious stones. • From China: cinnamon, ginger, other spices, silk, pottery, paper. • Iran - trade affected mix of ethnicity and culture -interest in Buddhism • See hybrid camels and stirrups | 2 | |
| 94332639 | Dhow | • the characteristic cargo and passenger ship of the Arabian Sea • large numbers of these ships were constructed in Malabar coastal ports of southwestern India. • They grew from an average capacity of 100 tons in 1200 to 400 tons in 1500. • hulls constructed from the tropical forests of south India and Southeast Asia. Planks sewed together, not nailed • triangular sails made of palm leaves or cotton • between 1200 and 1500: rudder replaced the large side oar that formerly had controlled steering. Second, shipbuilders increased the size of _____ to accommodate bulkier cargoes. | 3 | |
| 94332640 | Aden | • The city of ____had a double advantage in the Indian Ocean trade. Monsoon winds brought ____ enough rainfall to supply drinking water to a large population and to grow grain for export. • ____'s location made it a convenient stopover for trade with India, the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and Egypt. • ____'s merchants sorted out the goods from one place and sent them on to another: cotton cloth and beads from India, spices from Southeast Asia, horses from Arabia and Ethiopia, pearls from the Red Sea, luxurious manufactures from Cairo, slaves, gold, and ivory from Ethiopia, and grain, opium, and dyes from ____'s own hinterland. | 4 | |
| 94332641 | Malacca | • The chief beneficiary of the safer commerce was the newer port of _______ (or Melaka), which dominated the narrowest part of the strait. • Under the leadership of a prince from Palembang, _______ also secured an alliance with China that was sealed by the visit of the imperial fleet in 1407. • Low security and low taxes • served as the meeting point for traders from India and China • served as an emporium for Southeast Asian trade: rubies, and musk from Burma, tin from Malaya, gold from the Moluccas (or spice Islands as Europeans later dubbed them) to the east. • eighty-four spoken languages came from as far away as Turkey, Ethiopia, and the Swahili Coast. • Four officials administered the large foreign merchant communities • wealth and cosmopolitan residents set the standard for luxury in Malaya | 5 | |
| 94332642 | Hagia Sophia | • a huge new church shaped like a dome • an achievement in architecture as well as engineering because nobody had every built supports for a dome of that size | 6 | |
| 94332643 | Justinian | • 533 C.E emperor _________ tried to conquer western territory to restore empire like Rome • never truthful/ moron/ tyrannical / pompous • rebuilt Constantinople (had been destroyed thru riots against high taxes) • systematized Roman Legal Code • created many new structures • Codification of Roman law reached a goal earlier emperors had sought for but were unable to achieved. This united and organized the new empire, paralleling the state's bureaucracy | 7 | |
| 94332644 | Eastern Orthodox Church | one of the three major branches of Christianity, the _______ ________ ______, together with the roman catholic church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the roman empire by emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centered in Rome and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople | 8 | |
| 94333459 | Kiev | Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. | 9 | |
| 94333460 | Vladimir I | • Prince ________ _ was a Rurik descendant who ruled from 980 to 1015, took the step of converting to Christianity, not only in his own name but on behalf of all his people • Organized mass baptisms for his subjects, forcing conversions by military pressure. • Church leaders were imported from Byzantium, and they helped train a literate Russian priesthood. • The king characteristically controlled major appointments, and a separate Russian Orthodox church soon developed. | 10 | |
| 94333461 | Middle Ages | The postclassical period in Western Europe began with the fall of the Roman Empire and lasted until the 15th century. | 11 | |
| 94333462 | Vikings | From Scandinavia; periodically disrupted life from Ireland to Sicily | 12 | |
| 94333463 | Manorialism | The system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers. Originated in the later Roman Empire and was strengthened by the decline of trade and the lack of larger political structures. | 13 | |
| 94333464 | Serfs | • Lived on self-sufficient agricultural estates called manors. • They were agricultural workers who received some protection, including the administration of justice, from the landlords; in return they were obligated to turn over part of their goods and to remain on the land. • Needed military force landlords had for security. Landlords used serfs' produce and labor to support their own modest establishments. • Technical limitations and had to give their lord part of their crops in return for grazing their animals on his land or milling their grain. | 14 | |
| 94333465 | Charlemagne | • A later Carolingian ruler, Charles the Great • Established a substantial empire in France and Germany around the year 800 • helped to restore some church-based education in western Europe, and the level of intellectual activity began a slow recovery, in part because of these efforts | 15 | |
| 94333466 | Magna Carta | The Great Charter—which confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims | 16 | |
| 94333467 | Parliaments | bodies representing not individual voters but privileged groups such as nobles and the church | 17 | |
| 94333468 | Gothic | their architects built soaring spires and tall arched windows. Their work focused on creating churches and great cathedrals, some civic buildings and palaces also picked up this motif. This style is represented as Western postclassical culture. The spiritual orientation showed in the towers cast up to the heavens. It also built upon growing technical skills and deep popular devotion. The originality of these styles reflected the growing Western ability to find new means of expression, just as the use of these styles later in the Western world showed the ongoing power of medieval models. | 18 | |
| 94333469 | Guilds | • grouped people in the same business or trade in a single city, sometimes with loose links to similar guilds in other cities. • stressed security and mutual control. Merchant guilds attempted to give all members a share in any endeavor. • If a ship pulled in loaded with wool, the clothiers' guild of the city insisted that all members participate in the purchase so that no one member would monopolize the profits. | 19 |
