rates of reaction; the progress of chemical reactions; reversible reactions and equilibrium; solubility equilibrium; free energy and entropy
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| 771668497 | rate | a measure of how much something changes within a specified amount of time | |
| 771668498 | average speed=Distance (m)/ Time (s) | formula for average speed | |
| 771668499 | change; reactant; product; unit time | In chemistry, the rate of a chemical reaction, or the reaction rate is usually expressed as the ____________ in the amount of _____________ or _____________ per _________ _________ | |
| 771668500 | moles | What is the amount of reactant usually expressed in? | |
| 771668501 | collision theory | atoms, ions, and molecules can react to form products when they collide if the particles have enough kinetic energy | |
| 771668502 | activation energy | the minimum energy that colliding particles must have in order to react | |
| 771668503 | activated complex | an unstable arrangement of atoms that forms for a moment at the peak of the activation energy barrier | |
| 771668504 | temperature, concentration, particle size, catalyst | What are four factors that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction? | |
| 771668505 | speeds up; particles move faster | Raising the temperature does what to a reaction? Why? | |
| 771668506 | true | Increased concentration speeds up the reaction | |
| 771668507 | smaller, greater | The ________ the particle size, the _______ the surface area is for a given mass of particles | |
| 771668508 | dissolve them | Another way to increase surface area of solids | |
| 771668509 | catalyst | substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used us during the reaction | |
| 771668510 | lower energy path | Catalysts permit reactions to proceed along a _______ ________ _________ | |
| 771668511 | inhibitor | a substance that interferes with the action of a catalyst | |
| 771668512 | ΔA/Δt=k(A) | rate law equation | |
| 771668513 | rate law | expression for the rate of a reaction in terms of the concentration of reactants | |
| 771668514 | specific rate constant | a proportionality constant relating the concentration of reactants to the rate of the reaction | |
| 771668515 | quickly, slowly | The value of the specific rate constant, k, in a rate law is large if the products form ___________; the value is small if the products form __________ | |
| 771668516 | order of a reaction | the power to which the concentration of a reactant must be raised to match the experimental data on concentration and rate | |
| 771668517 | first-order reaction | the rate is directly proportional to the concentration of only one reactant | |
| 771668518 | elementary reaction | a reaction in which reactants are converted to products in a single step | |
| 771668519 | True | Most chemical reactions consist of two or more elementary reactions | |
| 771668520 | reaction mechanism | the series of elementary reactions or steps that take place during the course of a complex reaction | |
| 771668521 | intermediate | a product of one step n a reaction mechanism and a reactant in the next step | |
| 771668522 | slowest step | The _________ ________ will determine, or limit, the rate of the overall reaction | |
| 771668523 | reversible reaction | a reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur at the same time | |
| 771668524 | chemical equilibrium | when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal the reaction has reached a state of balance | |
| 771668525 | continue, rates are equal, net change | At chemical equilibrium, both the forward and reverse reactions _________, but because their ___________ ___ ________, no _____ _________ occurs in the concentrations of the reaction components | |
| 771668526 | equilibrium position | the relative concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium mark | |
| 771668527 | Le Châtelier's principle | if a stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system changes in a way that relieves the stress | |
| 771668528 | Fritz Haber | Came up with a way to make NH₃ using Le Châtelier's principle | |
| 771668529 | unequal | A shift because of the pressure will occur only if there are an ________ number of moles of gas on each side of the equation | |
| 771668530 | equilibrium constant | the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentration at equilibrium | |
| 771668531 | moles | Each concentration is raised to a power equal to the number of ______ of that substance in the balanced chemical equation | |
| 771668532 | product, reactant | When K(equilibrium) has a large value the reaction mixture at equilibrium will consist mainly of _______________, when it is a small value it will consist of __________ | |
| 771668533 | solubility product constant | constant equal to the product of the concentrations of the ions each raised to a power equal to the coefficient of the ion in the dissociation equation | |
| 771668534 | lower | The smaller the value of the solubility product constant, the _____________ the solubility of the compound | |
| 771668535 | common ion | an ion that is found in both ionic compounds in a solution | |
| 771668536 | common ion effect | the lowering of the solubility of an ionic compound as a result of the addition of a common ion | |
| 771668537 | free energy | energy available to do work | |
| 771668538 | spontaneous reaction | occurs naturally and favors the formation of products at the stated conditions | |
| 771668539 | products and free energy | What do spontaneous reactions produce? | |
| 771668540 | nonspontaneous reaction | chemical reaction that does not favor the formation of products at the stated conditions | |
| 771668541 | Entropy | a measure of the disorder of a system | |
| 771668542 | law of disorder | states that the natural tendency is for systems to move in the direction of increasing disorder or randomness | |
| 771668543 | ΔG=ΔH-tΔS | Gibbs equation; temperature must be in kelvin | |
| 771668544 | negative, positive | When the value of ΔG is ____________ a process is spontaneous, if it is __________ it is non spontaneous |
